Strychnine is an indole alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the Indian tree Strychnos nux-vomica. It gets its scientific name “strychnos” from Carl Linnaeus, who classified it back in 1753, but it was known to the population of India way before then. Nux vomica originates in India. Strychnine-containing baits are currently labelled for below-ground use and are intended for the control of pocket gophers. Their use as indoor pesticides has been eliminated since 1989. In the past, strychnine has been used as a pesticide to control rats, moles, gophers, and coyotes. Strychnine is highly toxic to most domestic animals. Strychnine is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea.

Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug.

Terpin hydrate is an expectorant commonly used to loosen mucus in patients presenting with acute or chronic bronchitis, and related conditions. Terpin is derived from oil of turpentine, oregano, thyme and eucalyptus. In 1855 Lepin who first investigated terpin reported that it acted upon the mucous membranes and also the nervous system in a manner similar to the oil of turpentine. Terpin hydrate was available in the USA in 1907 in the preparations such as Elixir of Terpin Hydrate alone or in combination with codein or heroin as an antitussives. It was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1990s due to lack of proof of efficacy but is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide commonly used in combination with codein. At present it is FDA approved for as an OTC use in combination formulations (with acetaminophen and other drugs) used as internal analgesics. Terpin was recently introduced as a natural topical insect repellent.

Potassium Triiodomercurate(II) is a periodometallate salt. It contains a triiodomercurate(1-). It is an antiseptic (topical) and disinfectant. It is also an antiseborrheic agent.

Potassium Triiodomercurate(II) is a periodometallate salt. It contains a triiodomercurate(1-). It is an antiseptic (topical) and disinfectant. It is also an antiseborrheic agent.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. Also, it constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Skin contact with HYDROCHLORIC ACID can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. It may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage.

Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in the milk of most species. Its biosynthesis takes place in the mammary gland. The molecular structures of α- and β -lactose differ in the orientation of a hydrogen- and a hydroxyl group on carbon atom no.1 in the glucose moiety. Both forms change into one another continuously. At room temperature, the equilibrium results in a ratio of about 40% α-lactose and 60% β-lactose. The fact that two forms of lactose exist which differ in molecular structure has profound effects on various properties of lactose such as crystallization behavior, crystal morphology, solid-state properties, and solubility. The intestine does not actively absorb lactose unless it is split into its two-monosaccharide components, i.e. glucose and galactose. This hydrolysis of lactose is affected by the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the epithelium cells in the brush-border of the small intestine. Thus, the capacity of mammals to digest lactose is dependent on the lactase activity in the intestine. The maximum activity of the enzyme occurs shortly after birth and declines during the weaning period, after which it remains at a relatively constant level. Genetically determined factors governing residual lactase activity also exist. Individuals having low lactase activity are called lactose malabsorbers. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose. The principal symptom of lactose intolerance is an adverse reaction to products containing lactose (primarily milk), including abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, borborygmi, and vomiting (particularly in adolescents). These appear one-half to two hours after consumption.

Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound, and an important industrial precursor to many other materials and organic compounds. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is used as a disinfectant. Formaldehyde vapors are toxic, upon entry formaldehyde reacts readily with macromolecules, including DNA to form DNA-protein and DNA-DNA cross-links.

BORATE, a salt of boric acid, is used as a food additive in the European Union. This additive is authorized for use as preservatives of sturgeon eggs (caviar).

Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. Stibophen is known to act by selectively inhibiting worm PFK.