Menthyl lactate is derived from menthol, a compound that comes from peppermint oil, or is made synthetically. Menthol has a natural cooling effect, which makes it useful as a topical analgesic to treat skin irritation, pain, itching or sunburn. Despite its cooling benefits, menthol can be a skin irritant. Like menthol, menthyl lactate is cooling, but it causes less skin irritation than menthol. Menthyl lactate also has a refreshing, minty taste. For this reason, some manufacturers use it as a flavoring ingredient. The compound is recommended for use as a flavor in concentrations of 0.005% to 0.2% and in cosmetic and other external products in concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 2.0%. Menthyl lactate is a known compound available e.g. from Haarmann & Reimer GmbH (Germany) under the name FRESCOLAT, Type ML.

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It acts as a naturally occurring agonist at both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Three pharmacologic types have been identified: alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Each of these has three subtypes, characterized by both structural and functional differences. The alpha 2 and beta receptors are coupled negatively and positively, respectively, to adenylyl cyclase via Gi or Gs regulatory proteins, and the alpha 1 receptors modulate phospholipase C via the Go protein. Subtype expression is regulated at the level of the gene, the mRNA, and the protein through various transcriptional and postsynthetic mechanisms. Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis. Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, reduces glucose up take by tissues, and inhibits insulin release in the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and increased blood lactic acid.

Pimilprost (SM-10902) and its free acid, SM-10906 are new stable 3-oxa-methano prostaglandin (PG) I1 analogs, SM-10902 is a prodrug of SM-10906. SM-10906, but not SM-10902 was demonstrated to be an agonist for IP receptors. SM-10906 was shown to exert its anti-platelet and vasodilatory activities through the increase of the cAMP level. Pimilprost was being developed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma (formerly Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals) in Japan for the treatment of skin ulcers. In Japan, an NDA was filed for pimilprost and was awaiting registration. However, development appears to have been discontinued.

8-Chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP), an analog of c-AMP, is a novel antineoplastic agent. It has been shown to be effective against different human cancer cell lines modulating the cellular signal transduction pathway, thereby causing growth inhibition, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. 8-Cl-cAMP preferentially binds to the R2 subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and induces rapid R2 up-regulation and eventual R1 subunit down-regulation. It has potent inhibitory effects on a wide variety of human cancer cell lines, with an IC50 ranging from 0.1 to 20 uM. The IC50 falls with the length of drug exposure. It can suppress c-myc and c-ras proto-oncogenes in vitro and in vivo. It was shown that 8-Cl-cAMP induces cell growth inhibition through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation with p38 MAPK acting downstream of AMPK in this signaling pathway. 8-Cl-cAMP induced apoptosis, apparently through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by inducing progressive phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), via activation of AMPK by its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine. 8-Cl-cAMP does not significantly inhibit the growth of NIH 3T3 cells, rat kidney fibroblasts, mammary epithelial cells, or peripheral blood lymphocytes, nor does it inhibit the growth of parental cells whose progeny have been transformed. Such selectivity makes it an attractive candidate for cancer therapy suggesting that it should not cause the toxicity of conventional cytotoxic agents but should inhibit tumor growth. 8-Cl-cAMP has been evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials.

Davasaicin is a synthetic derivative of capsaicin, developed at the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology. Davasaicin possesses very potent analgesic activity, demonstrated in several animal models, such as phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test, tail-flick test in mice and adjuvant arthritic flexion test in rats. When administered topically, davasaicin has an antipruritic effect in the mouse model.

Darglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinedione class of drugs and an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. It has a variety of insulin-sensitizing effects, such as improving glycemic and lipidemic control, and is used in the treatment of metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes. Darglitazone sodium had been in phase I clinical trials by Pfizer for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, this study has been discontinued.

Amibegron (SR 58611A or SR 58611) is a highly selective agonist for atypical beta3-adrenoceptors. It stimulates neuronal activity in a specific area of the prefrontal cortex and also inhibits intestinal motility. Amibegron was in phase III trials worldwide for the treatment of depression and generalised anxiety disorder but development of the product was discontinued in 2008. Amibegron has been tested for its potential as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome.

Eterobarb (Antilon) is a barbiturate derivative. It is an effective anticonvulsant as demonstrated in animal and clinical studies. Eterobarb possesses a unique and clinically intriguing feature-at therapeutically effective blood levels, the hypnotic side effects usually associated with barbiturates appear absent. Though effective against both electrically and chemically induced seizures in mice and rats, virtually no hypnotic effects were noted except at lethal doses. Double-blind cross-over studies have confirmed the anticonvulsant efficacy of eterobarb and several phase II and phase Ill studies show eterobarb to be an effective anticonvulsant with less hypnotic activity when compared with phenobarbital. Eterobarb had been NDA filed for the treatment of epilepsy in the US, UK, Switzerland and Canada. However, this research has been discontinued. The compound was originated by Colgate Palmolive, then licensed to MacroChem.

Talibegron (ZD2079) is a β3 adrenoceptor agonist and insulin sensitiser. It was developed as a potential treatment for obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Talibegron hydrochloride had been in phase II clinical trials by AstraZeneca for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, this research has been discontinued.