EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE

US Approved OTC

First marketed in 1901

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C9H13NO3.ClH
Molecular Weight	219.665
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	1 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

Cl.CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1

InChI

InChIKey=ATADHKWKHYVBTJ-FVGYRXGTSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H13NO3.ClH/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6;/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3;1H/t9-;/m0./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	ClH
Molecular Weight	36.461
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C9H13NO3
Molecular Weight	183.2044
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	1 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/204200s000lbl.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8401205

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It acts as a naturally occurring agonist at both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Three pharmacologic types have been identified: alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Each of these has three subtypes, characterized by both structural and functional differences. The alpha 2 and beta receptors are coupled negatively and positively, respectively, to adenylyl cyclase via Gi or Gs regulatory proteins, and the alpha 1 receptors modulate phospholipase C via the Go protein. Subtype expression is regulated at the level of the gene, the mRNA, and the protein through various transcriptional and postsynthetic mechanisms. Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis. Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, reduces glucose up take by tissues, and inhibits insulin release in the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and increased blood lactic acid.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Adrenergic receptor 35 Target ID: CHEMBL2331074 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28138/ \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8401205	Agonist 2752
Dopamine D4 receptor 76 Target ID: CHEMBL219 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9003072	Agonist 2752		33.0 nM [Ki]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Anaphylaxis 47 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/204200s000lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8583	ADRENALIN Approved Use Adrenalin® is a non-selective alpha and beta adrenergic agonist indicated for:  Emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type 1), including anaphylaxis  Induction and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery
Miosis 6 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/204200s000lbl.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8583	ADRENALIN Approved Use Adrenalin® is a non-selective alpha and beta adrenergic agonist indicated for:  Emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type 1), including anaphylaxis  Induction and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.486 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(11)02197-X/pdf	0.3 mg single, intramuscular dose: 0.3 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
309 pg/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994624	0.3 mg single, intramuscular dose: 0.3 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
386 pg/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994624	5 mg multiple, nasal dose: 5 mg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.724 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(11)02197-X/pdf	0.3 mg single, intramuscular dose: 0.3 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
18.3 ng × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994624	0.3 mg single, intramuscular dose: 0.3 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
19.4 ng × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994624	5 mg multiple, nasal dose: 5 mg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	EPINEPHRINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
0.3 mg 1 times / day single, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 0.3 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/201739Orig1s000MedR.pdf	healthy, 18 to 45 years old Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 to 45 years old Sex: M+F Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/201739Orig1s000MedR.pdf	Disc. AE: Ventricular extrasystoles... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Ventricular extrasystoles (grade 1, 1.5%) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/201739Orig1s000MedR.pdf

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Ventricular extrasystoles	grade 1, 1.5% Disc. AE	0.3 mg 1 times / day single, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 0.3 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/201739Orig1s000MedR.pdf	healthy, 18 to 45 years old Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 to 45 years old Sex: M+F Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/201739Orig1s000MedR.pdf

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
inducer 1087	inhibitor 2438	inhibitor 2507

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
CYP3A 227	OCT2 434 OCT3 92	CYP2B6 669 OCT1 39

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2C9 2497	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19356039/ Page: 2.0	yes [Ki 156 uM]
CYP3A 317	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19356039/ Page: 2.0	yes [Ki 42.3 uM]
CYP2D6 2546	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19356039/ Page: 2.0	yes [Ki 707 uM]
CYP2B6 1160	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498254.2014.955831 Page: 8.0	yes
CYP3A4 2633	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498254.2014.955831 Page: 8.0	yes
OCT1 656	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498254.2014.955831 Page: 8.0	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
OCT2 434	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes
OCT3 92	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Adenosine diphosphate strongly potentiates the ability of the chemokines MDC, TARC, and SDF-1 to stimulate platelet function.	2001-02-15	11159520
Daily cost of ophthalmic solutions for treating glaucoma in Japan.	2001-02-13	11163052
Key role of the P2Y(1) receptor in tissue factor-induced thrombin-dependent acute thromboembolism: studies in P2Y(1)-knockout mice and mice treated with a P2Y(1) antagonist.	2001-02-06	11156884
Changes in the derived central pressure waveform and pulse pressure in response to angiotensin II and noradrenaline in man.	2001-02-01	11158283
Circulatory support of the sick preterm infant.	2001-02	11162288
Molecular mechanisms controlling the rate and specificity of catechol O-methylation by human soluble catechol O-methyltransferase.	2001-02	11160877
Partial agonist clonidine mediates alpha(2)-AR subtypes specific regulation of cAMP accumulation in adenylyl cyclase II transfected DDT1-MF2 cells.	2001-02	11160870
The effects of epidural block on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and natural-killer cell activity in patients with and without pain.	2001-02	11159252
Plasma melatonin concentration before and during testosterone replacement in Klinefelter's syndrome: relation to hepatic indolamine metabolism and sympathoadrenal activity.	2001-02	11158039
[(123)I]metaiodobenzylguanidine and [(111)In]octreotide uptake in begnign and malignant pheochromocytomas.	2001-02	11158032
Oral glucose augments the counterregulatory hormone response during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans.	2001-02	11158023
Troglitazone amplifies counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in nondiabetic subjects.	2001-02	11158003
Hyperinsulinemia and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in obesity: effects of weight loss.	2001-01-30	11157715
Embryonic epinephrine synthesis in the rat heart before innervation: association with pacemaking and conduction tissue development.	2001-01-19	11139483
Catecholamine inotropes as growth factors for Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci.	2001-01-15	11164302
Epinephrine upregulates superoxide dismutase in human coronary artery endothelial cells.	2001-01-15	11163531
Effect of amlodipine on cardiopulmonary performance in volunteers.	2001-01-12	11153533
The role of nitric oxide in bradycardia of rats with obstructive cholestasis.	2001-01-05	11137868
Development of glaucoma after phacoemulsification for removal of cataracts in dogs: 22 cases (1987-1997).	2001-01-01	11149718
Synthesis and characterization of an immobilized phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase liquid chromatographic stationary phase.	2001-01-01	11141309
Early neurohormonal effects of trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and a recent acute myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicentre study.	2001-01	11163738
Alterations in myocardial creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme-distribution in a model of left ventricular dysfunction.	2001-01	11163728
Influence of ABO blood groups on primary hemostasis.	2001-01	11161246
Relationships between lipolysis induced by various lipolytic agents and hormone-sensitive lipase in rat fat cells.	2001-01	11160373
Contrasting clinical properties and exercise responses in obese and lean hypertensive patients.	2001-01	11153733
Guanabenz, an antihypertensive centrally acting alpha2-agonist, suppresses morning elevations in aggregation of human platelets.	2001-01	11152378
Regulation of endothelin-1 production in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells.	2001-01	11152371
Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine with and without adrenaline following caudal anaesthesia in infants.	2001-01	11152032
The PlA polymorphism of glycoprotein IIIa functions as a modifier for the effect of estrogen on platelet aggregation.	2001-01	11151063
Reversal of Haemorrhagic Shock in Rats by Tetrahydroaminoacridine.	2001-01	11150921
Hormonal responses to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome.	2001-01	11150897
Genitourinary injuries in the newborn.	2001-01	11150473
Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods.	2001-01	11150011
Viral croup.	2001-01	11139641
Effects of high extracellular [K+] and adrenaline on force development, relaxation and membrane potential in cardiac muscle from freshwater turtle and rainbow trout.	2001-01	11136612
Effects of human pregnancy on cardiac autonomic function above and below the ventilatory threshold.	2001-01	11133925
Catecholamine responses to alpha-adrenergic blockade during exercise in women acutely exposed to altitude.	2001-01	11133901
Adrenergic receptor activated ion transport in human fetal retinal pigment epithelium.	2001-01	11133877
Clonidine combined with a long acting local anesthetic does not prolong postoperative analgesia after brachial plexus block but does induce hemodynamic changes.	2001-01	11133627
Dexamethasone facilitates discharge after outpatient anorectal surgery.	2001-01	11133606
Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs.	2001-01	11133597
Neurotransmitter release from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is modulated by capacitative Ca(2+)entry driven by depleted internal Ca(2+)stores.	2001-01	11133355
Neonatal catecholamine levels and neurodevelopmental outcome: a cohort study.	2001-01	11124926
Hypoxic vasoconstriction of cyclostome systemic vessels: the antecedent of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?	2001-01	11124152
A single bout of exercise induces beta-adrenergic desensitization in human adipose tissue.	2001-01	11124148
An accidental ringblock of the great toe?	2001-01	11123745
Chromaffin-adrenocortical cell interactions: effects of chromaffin cell activation in adrenal cell cocultures.	2001-01	11121377
Central retinal artery occlusion after a local anesthetic with adrenaline on nasal mucosa.	2000-12	11130745
Effects of ubiquinone-10 on energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats with myocardial ischemia.	2000-07	11140574
[Experimental anti-arrhythmic effects of a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, dl-l-(tert. butylamino)-3-[(2-propinyloxy)phenoxy]2-propanol hydrochloride (dl Kö 1400-Cl)].	1976-07	11153

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Anaphylaxis: o Adults and Children 30 kg (66 lbs) or more: 0.3 to 0.5 mg (0.3 to 0.5 mL) intramuscularly or subcutaneously into anterolateral aspect of the thigh every 5 to 10 minutes as necessary o Children 30 kg (66 lbs) or less: 0.01 mg/kg (0.01 mL/kg), up to 0.3 mg (0.3 mL), intramuscularly or subcutaneously into anterolateral aspect of the thigh every 5 to 10 minutes as necessary (2.1) Intraocular surgery: Dilute 1 mL with 100 to 1000 mL of an ophthalmic irrigation fluid, for ophthalmic irrigation or intracameral injection

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

Treatment of primary human hepatocytes with 10μM epinephrine for 24h repressed mRNA expression of various transporters, such as the sinusoidal influx transporters NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP2B1, OAT2, OAT7 and OCT1 and the efflux transporters MRP2, MRP3 and BSEP, whereas it induced that of MDR1, but failed to alter that of BCRP.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 17:47:57 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 17:47:57 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	WBB047OO38
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Common Name

English

ADRENALINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Preferred Name

English

ADRENALINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

L-EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Common Name

English

EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

Epinephrine hydrochloride [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

1,2-BENZENEDIOL, 4-(1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, HYDROCHLORIDE, (R)-

Common Name

English

1,2-BENZENEDIOL, 4-((1R)-1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, HYDROCHLORIDE (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

TONOGEN

Brand Name

English

EPINEPHRINE HCL

Common Name

English

EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

RACEPINEFRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, (R)-

Common Name

English

(-)-3,4-DIHYDROXY-.ALPHA.-((METHYLAMINO)METHYL)BENZYL ALCOHOL, HYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

GLAUCON

Brand Name

English

EPINEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

NCI_THESAURUS

C87053