Antipyrine is an analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. It is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. It inhibits cyclooxygenases and shows little anti-inflammatory activity. Like many old and approved substances after almost 100 years of use, antipyrine has been associated with some serious side effects, namely agranulocytosis and shock reactions.

Tribromsalan (trade name Temasept IV) is a member of brominated salicylanilides chemical family. Was initially registered in 1964 manufactured by Hexcel Corporation, Sherwin Williams Chemicals. It is a pesticide type with antimicrobial and preservative features found its application in hard surfaces, laundry, textiles, and manufactured products. Types of tribromsalan formulations include solid, solutions, and sprays and its usual carrier is soap. Limited exposure is possible based on the registered uses of these products as disinfectants, laundry additives, textile preservatives, and manufactured products and do not include direct application to a food or feed crop. In 1974 FDA directed the removal of tribromsalan drug products from the market because it was found to make skin extrasensitive to light. For the same reason it was forbidden in Europe since the 1970s. Since 1982 the OTC topical antimicrobial drug products rulemaking was reopened and included tribromsalan in a list of antimicrobial OTC Drug Products. At present tribromsalan is considered an antiseptic active ingredient eligible for the OTC use as a consumer antiseptic hand and body wash drug product. It was reported that tribromsalan, inhibits NF-kappaB signaling via inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation with IC50 of 7.9 uM. This finding provides new information on activities and mechanisms of action that may suggest mechanisms of potential novel applications in cancer treatment of such drugs as tribromsalan.

Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Sesamin is the most prominent lignan compound found in sesame seeds, one of the two highest sources of lignans in the human diet (the other being flax). Sesamin is catered to be a nutritional supplement that confers antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects (if touting its health properties) or possibly being an estrogen receptor modulator and fat burner (if targeting atheltes or persons wishing to lose weight). Sesamin has a few mechanisms, and when looking at it holistically it can be summed up as a fatty acid metabolism modifier. It appears to inhibit an enzyme known as delta-5-desaturase (Δ5-desaturase) which is a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism; inhibiting this enzyme results in lower levels of both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, one of the two fish oil fatty acids) as well as arachidonic acid, and this mechanism appears to be relevant following oral ingestion. The other main mechanism is inhibiting a process known as Tocopherol-ω-hydroxylation, which is the rate limiting step in the metabolism of Vitamin E; by inhibiting this enzyme, sesamin causes a relative increase of vitamin E in the body but particularly those of the gamma subset (γ-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol) and this mechanism has also been confirmed to be active following oral ingestion. Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of delta 5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin inhibits a particular CYP3A enzymes that is involved in vitamin E metabolism, where the enzyme initially ω-hydroxylates vitamin E (required step) and then the rest of vitamin E is subject to fat oxidation. By inhibiting this step, sesamin causes an increase in circulating and organ concentrations of vitamin E. Sesamin is thought to have PPARα activating potential in the liver, but it is uncertain how much practical relevance this has in humans due to this being a mechanism that differs between species.

Rosmarinic acid (α-o-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid; RA) is a naturally occurring hydroxylated compound commonly found in species of the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae, such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Perilla frutescens. RA is biosynthesized from the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine by eight enzymes that include phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. Recently, RA and its derivatives have attracted interest for their biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial functions. Clinically, RA attenuates T cell receptor-mediated signaling, attenuates allergic diseases like allergic rhinitis and asthma, and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, protects from neurotoxicity, and slows the development of Alzheimer's disease. Rosmarinic Acid seems to be able to suppress 5-lipoxygenase and 5-HETE synthesis (a pro-inflammatory compound in the omega-6 metabolic chain). Rosmarinic acid appeared to be effective in suppressing allergies in a dose-dependent manner, with 30% of the placebo group reporting symptom relief compared to 55.6% of the 50mg group and 70% of the 200mg group.

Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature. It is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are found in the macula of the human retina, as well as the human crystalline lens. They play a role in protection against age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and cataract formation. The antioxidant properties of lutein and zeaxanthin together with ocular antioxidants (selenium, zinc, copper, vitamin A, C, E, etc.) inhibit free radical damage caused by light and oxygen. Zeaxanthin supplements are typically taken on the supposition of supporting eye health. It is is Generally Recognized As Safe by FDA.

Resveratrol, a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol, exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties as an anticancer agent, a platelet anti-aggregation agent, and an antioxidant, as well as its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic. This compound is in phase III clinical trials in combination with carboxymethyl-β-glucan for improving nasal symptoms in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Also in phase III clinical trial in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis and in type 2 diabetic patients. It has been demonstrated that resveratrol may prevent type 2 diabetic by targeting Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1), indicating that SIRT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for diabetes prevention.

Cypermethrin is a synthetic, pyrethroid insecticide that has high insecticidal activity, low avian and mammalian toxicity. Cypermethrin works by quickly affecting the insect’s central nervous system. The major target site of cypermethrin is the sodium channel of the nerve membrane. A sodium channel exposed to cypermethrin can remain open much longer, even up to several seconds. It is used to control many pests including lepidopterous pests of cotton, fruit, and vegetable crops. In veterinary, it is applied topically for the control of ectoparasites such as ticks, fleas, lice and blowflies.

Oxfendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic. Oxfendazole has broad-spectrum activity against inhibited larval stages of gastrointestinal roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in many animal species at doses between 4.5–10 mg/kg.

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants, for example, it is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric. It is sold as a food flavoring, food colorant, herbal supplement, and cosmetic ingredient. Although curcumin has been widely studied it has not been officially endorsed for any pharmaceutical use due to issues of stability and bioavailability; although it continues to b marketed as a health supplement. Curcumin has been investigated for the treatment of a number of cancers, asthma, mucositis, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, and depression.