Thymol, a monoterpene, obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils, is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions to help reduce and prevent plaque and gingivitis. Recently was shown, that this substance was able to significantly reduce the oxidative stress associated with cataract. The results suggested that thymol might be a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention of diabetic complications through its aldose reductase enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a cobalt-containing, B complex vitamin. B12 group (cobalamins) consist of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and cobalamid. Neither plants nor animals are independently capable of constructing vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes required for its biosynthesis. Therefore, humans must absorb it from food. Excellent sources of B12 are foods of ruminant origin, so dairy and meat products play an important role in efforts to meet the official daily B12 intake. Vitamin B12 deficiency can potentially cause severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system. Vitamin B12 is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency, including pernicious anemia.

Nitrate ion (NO3 −) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient. It is present at varying concentrations in all plants and is a part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate probably has a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens, as nitrous oxide and acidified nitrite have antibacterial properties. Significant bacterial reduction of nitrate to nitrite does not normally take place in the stomach, except in individuals with low gastric acidity or with gastrointestinal infections. These may include individuals using antacids, particularly those that block acid secretion. Potassium nitrate is used as mild local desensitizer in toothpastes.

Iodoform is an organic compound with the formula CHI3. It was formerly used as an antiseptic wound powder. Iodoform is commonly used as radiopacifier for primary tooth root canal fllling, but its use in endodontics is controversial because of its potential for causing toxic effects. It is also used in veterinary medicine as an active ingredient in the ear powders for dogs and cats.

Emetine is a principal alkaloid of ipecac, isolated from the ground roots of Uragoga ipecacuanha. Early use of emetine was in the form of oral administration of the extract of ipecac root, or ipecacuanha. This extract contains several, including cephaeline, and others. The identification of emetine as a more potent agent improved the treatment of amoebiasis. While the use of emetine still caused nausea, it was more effective than the crude extract of ipecac root. Additionally, emetine could be administered hypodermically which still produced nausea, but not to the degree experienced in oral administration. Emetine dihydrochloride hydrate is used in the laboratory to block protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It does this by binding to the 40S subunit of the ribosome. Emetine induces hypotension by blocking adrenoreceptors. Also, emetine was identified as a specific inhibitor of HIF-2α protein stability and transcriptional activity. Heavy or over usage of emetine can carry the risk of developing proximal myopathy and/or cardiomyopathy.

Chlorobutanol, or trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, is an analgesic and sedative hypnotic in man, and an experimental general anesthetic. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is also used chemical preservative for parenteral drugs. It was found, that chlorobutanol inhibited mammalian Nav 1.2 channels at concentrations less than those used to preserve parenteral solutions. Its mechanism of inhibiting Na channels differs from that of local anesthetics in that it does not show use dependent or state dependent inhibition.

Lauryl isoquinolium bromide is one of the active components of Decelerine a cosmetic product which is used for its soothing, moisturizing and regenerating effects on the skin.

Lawsone (aka hennatannic acid) is a red-orange dye present in the leaves of the henna plant as well as the flower of water hyacinth. Henna extracts have been used by humans as hair and skin dyes for more than 5000 years. Henna extracts have been clinically investigated as a method of reducing dose-limiting Chemotherapy-Induced Palmoplantar Erythrodysesthesia.

There is not much available information about thenyldiamine, is known, that it is used as antihistamine and for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis.

Paeonol (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone) is a major phenolic component of the dried root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (Paeoniaceae). Paeonol exhibits a wide variety of bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, immunoregulatory, antihypertensive, anti-hyperglycemic, antibacterial, anti-thrombotic, and antitumor effects. Paeonol inhibits anaphylactic reaction by regulating histamine and TNF-α. Paeonol tablets have been used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, fever, headache and neuralgia in Chinese clinics.