Secobarbital sodium, a barbiturate, is FDA approved for the treatment of insomnia and for pre-anesthetic use. This drug binds at a distinct site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. Adverse reactions are drowsiness, lethargy, hangover, paradoxical excitement in elderly patients, somnolence. Rifampin may decrease secobarbital levels by increasing metabolism.

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride, an azo dye first synthesized in 1914, became widely prescribed for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). With the assumption that the drug possessed antiseptic properties, phenazopyridine was recommended for UTIs caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli. Although in the early 1930s the medical and scientific communities rescinded the claim that phenazopyridine is bactericidal, a specific mechanism of action has not been identified subsequently. Currently, phenazopyridine is classified as a urinary analgesic that relieves burning, urgency, frequency, and pain associated with UTI, trauma, or surgery.

Hexylresorcinol is an organic compound with local anaesthetic, antiseptic and anthelmintic properties. It is available for use topically on small skin infections, or as an ingredient in throat lozenges. Hexylresorcinol may be used as a cosmetic biocide. Hexylresorcinol was introduced by Leonard as a urinary antiseptic with great possibilities. Used in alkaline solution it promised success in experiments in vitro. Boots Hexylresorcinol 2.4mg Throat Lozenges, marketed in UK, are used to relieve sore throat pain. Hexylresorcinol has being shown to be useful for the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation.

Merbromin (marketed as Mercurochrome, Merbromine) is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. It is readily available in most countries but, because of its mercury content, it is no longer sold in Switzerland, France, Germany, and the United States. Merbromin's best-known use is as a topical antiseptic to treat minor wounds, burns, and scratches. It is also used in the antisepsis of the umbilical cord and the antisepsis of wound of difficult scar formation, like neuropathic ulcers, and diabetic foot sores. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998 classified merbromin as "not Generally Recognized as Safe" together with a multitude of other active compounds, based on the absence of interest on the part of pharmaceutical companies in funding new studies or updated supporting information, due to the high costs of said studies in comparison to sales, rather than due to being toxic. In the United States, its use has been superseded by other agents (e.g., povidone iodine, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol). It is still an important antiseptic, particularly in developing nations, due to its “unbelievably low cost.”

AMOBARBITAL is a barbiturate derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. In an in vitro study in rat thalamic slices amobarbital worked by activating GABAA receptors, which decreased input resistance, depressed burst and tonic firing, especially in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons, while at the same time increasing burst duration and mean conductance at individual chloride channels; this increased both the amplitude and decay time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high.

Butethal is a sedative and a hypnotic drug indicated for the treatment of severe intractable insomnia. It acts on receptors in the brain (GABA A receptors) causing the release of the chemical GABA. This chemical inhibits certain areas of the brain resulting in sleepiness. Common side effects are: drowsiness, sedation, unsteadiness, vertigo and inco- ordination. Also, hangover effect, paradoxical excitement, confusion, memory defects and skin rashes. Interactions may occur with the following: adrenocorticoids (cortisone-like medicine), anticoagulants (blood thinners), carbamazepine, corticotropin (barbiturates may decrease the effects of these medicines), central nervous system (CNS) depressants (using these medicines with barbiturates may result in increased CNS depressant effects), divalproex sodium, valproic acid (using these medicines with barbiturates may change the amount of either medicine that you need to take), and oral contraceptives containing estrogens (barbiturates may decrease the effectiveness of these oral contraceptives, and you may need to change to a different type of birth control).

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. At a commercial scale, fructose is often derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize. Fructose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream. A growing body of research suggests that diet high in fructose may be contributing to incidences of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.

Urethane (Ethyl carbamate) is is an ethyl ester of carbamic acid, that has been found in many fermented food products and alcoholic beverages such as cheese, bread, yogurt, wine, whiskey, soya sauce etc. An in vitro study indicated that Urethane has a potential to inhibit the growth of bacteria, plant tissue, and rat carcinoma. Urethane has been used for many years as an antineoplastic agent for medical purposes but this application ended after it was discovered to be carcinogenic in 1943. Urethane can produce long-lasting anesthesia without affecting blood gases or blood pressure, it has been used in acute studies. In earlier studies, Urethane was also used as a co-solvent for water-insoluble analgesic and sedative drugs in Japan. By US FDA regulations, ethyl carbamate has been withdrawn from pharmaceutical use. However, small quantities of ethyl carbamate are also used in laboratories as an anesthetic for animals.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. Also, it constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Skin contact with HYDROCHLORIC ACID can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. It may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage.

Linoleic acid is a naturally occurring omega-6 essential fatty acid, present in a variety of foods, including the oils. Linoleic acid is a precursor for arachidonic acid biosynthesis; on the first enzymatic step of the pathway involves delta-6-desaturase, which converts linoleic acid to gamma-lenolenic acid. Linoleic acid has beneficial effects on human skin and hair. Replacement of saturated fat with linoleic acid is advocated to improve serum lipoprotein profiles and reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid was tested in clinical trilas as a possible remedy against multiple sclerosis.