Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is the R enantiomer of cetirizine hydrochloride, a racemic compound with antihistaminic properties. Levocetirizine is a third-generation non-sedative antihistamine indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It was developed from the second-generation antihistamine cetirizine. Levocetirizine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on May 25, 2007 and is marketed under the brand XYZAL. Its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of H1 receptors. The antihistaminic activity of levocetirizine has been documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vitro binding studies revealed that levocetirizine has an affinity for the human H1-receptor 2-fold higher than that of cetirizine (Ki = 3 nmol/L vs. 6 nmol/L, respectively). The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.

Clioquinol is a broad-spectrum antibacterial with antifungal properties, bacteriostatic. It is used as an antifungal and antiprotozoal topical drug OTC product for treatment of human infections. Previousely was used for wide number of intestinal disorders including lambliasis, shigellosis, balantidiral dysentery and some forms of diarrheas. The physiologic effect of clioquinol is by increased histamine release and cell-mediated immunity. It is a member of a family hydroxyquinolines which inhibit certain enzymes related to DNA replication. It is a copper, iron and zink chelating agent. It is an organic molecule with a quinolinic acid as its apparent core which itself is a neurotransmitter. In large doses it possesses neurotoxicity and may induce neurological disease such as subacute myelo-optic neuropathy by creating copper deficiency that leads to zink excess. SMON (Sub-Acute-Myelo-Optical-Neuropathy) - a polio-like disease began as an epidemic in 1959 in Japan was believed to be a Clioquinol caused. Clioquinol is a standardized chemical allergen. It has been resurrected as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease since it perturbs metallo-chemistry of amyloid and clioquinol treatment has been shown to be beneficial in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Echinocystic acid (EA) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the fruits of Gleditsia sinensis Lam, has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Echinocystic acid (EA) inhibit the formation of osteoclast. EA inhibit RANKL-induced NF-κB activation and ERK phosphorylation in BMMs. Echinocystic acid inhibits IL-1β-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Echinocystic acid also inhibited TPA-induced myeloperoxidase activity, as well as COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β expressions. Echinocystic acid inhibited NF-κB in TPA-treated mouse ears, as well as in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Its potency is comparable with that of dexamethasone. These findings indicate that echinocystic acid may ameliorate inflammatory diseases, such as dermatitis. EA inhibited ACAT and DGAT, with IC50 values of 103 and 139  uM, respectively, and exhibited no significant effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. The present findings suggest that EA may exert hypolipidemic effect by inhibiting the activity of ACAT and DGAT.

1-[(5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-methylpiperazine (JNJ 7777120) is the first selective antagonist of the histamine H4 receptor. Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development is developing JNJ 7777120 for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. JNJ 7777120 demonstrates efficacy as anti-inflammatory agents in vivo. JNJ 7777120 have shown promising activity in down-regulating immune responses in a range of animal disease models including acute inflammation, hapten-mediated colitis, allergic airway inflammation (e.g. allergic rhinitis), colitis, allergic pruritis and atopic dermatitis.

Madecassoside is a triterpenoid compound found in Centella asiatica (Gotu kola), a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Ayurvedic medicine, and traditional African medicine. Madecassoside has a wide range of reported biological activities including, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-oxidant activities. It has been reported to suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha production via inhibition of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB activity. Madecassoside, a triterpenoid derivative isolated from Centella asiatica, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Madecassoside significantly reduced brain infarct area, resolved neurological deficit, and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis. It also significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and augmented the antioxidant activity in rats subjected to cerebral I/R. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 significantly reduced after madecassoside treatment. Madecassoside is neuroprotective and may be useful in reducing the damage caused by stroke. Madecassoside has being shown to inhibits melanin synthesis by blocking ultraviolet-induced inflammation.

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. In traditional medicine, different cultures have cultivated and processed mangiferin rich plants for the treatment of a range of illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infection and cancer. Mangiferin is primarily implicated in down-regulating inflammation, causing cell cycle arrest, reducing proliferation/metastasis, promoting apoptosis in malignant cells and protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Mangiferin also enhances the capacity of the monocyte-macrophage system and possesses antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Ufenamate is a topical analgesic. It is indicated for pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. It is a COX inhibitor. Ufenamate is freely soluble in oil and is poorly soluble in water. It is used in the form of ointments or creams. It is manufactured under the brand name Combec in Japan. It is also an ingredient of Fenazol Ointment 5%, used in Japan for the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and herpes zoster.

APAFANT is a platelet activating factor receptor (PAF-R) antagonist shown to have anticancer and cell differentiation effects. APAFANT has been found to be a specific PAF-R antagonist in pulmonary vasculature and when administered intratracheally in rats. APAFANT was observed to decrease lung nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, myeloperoxidase activity, and lavage neutrophil numbers. It has been shown to be a cytodifferentiating agent in murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro.

Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is the R enantiomer of cetirizine hydrochloride, a racemic compound with antihistaminic properties. Levocetirizine is a third-generation non-sedative antihistamine indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It was developed from the second-generation antihistamine cetirizine. Levocetirizine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on May 25, 2007 and is marketed under the brand XYZAL. Its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of H1 receptors. The antihistaminic activity of levocetirizine has been documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vitro binding studies revealed that levocetirizine has an affinity for the human H1-receptor 2-fold higher than that of cetirizine (Ki = 3 nmol/L vs. 6 nmol/L, respectively). The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.

Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is the R enantiomer of cetirizine hydrochloride, a racemic compound with antihistaminic properties. Levocetirizine is a third-generation non-sedative antihistamine indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It was developed from the second-generation antihistamine cetirizine. Levocetirizine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on May 25, 2007 and is marketed under the brand XYZAL. Its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of H1 receptors. The antihistaminic activity of levocetirizine has been documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vitro binding studies revealed that levocetirizine has an affinity for the human H1-receptor 2-fold higher than that of cetirizine (Ki = 3 nmol/L vs. 6 nmol/L, respectively). The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.