Elobixibat is the first in class ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor. IBAT inhibitors block ileal absorption of bile acids by: (1) interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile resulting in a fall in serum cholesterol and (2) increasing the delivery of bile acids into the colon. Elobixibat stimulates both motor and secretory functions in the colon. Elobixibat is approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic constipation. Elobixibat has potential benefit in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Bamipine (trade name Soventol) is a sedating antihistamine with pronounced sedative effects. Bamipine is a pharmaceutical drug acting as an H1 antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used as an antipruritic ointment. Bamipine hydrochloride has been given by mouth. Bamipine, bamipine lactate, and bamipine salicylate have all been applied topically.

Fabomotizole (also known as Afobazole) is a selective non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic which was developed in Russia and launched in 2006. The drug is used for the treatment of wide range of diseases: generalized anxious disorders, neurasthenia, adaptation disorders, sleep disorders, for alleviation of withdrawal syndrome. According to the drug label (in Russian), its action is related to the interaction with sigma-1 receptors.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

Arprinocid is a coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine. Effective against coccidiosis in poultry.

Mecarbinate is a chemical intermediate of arbidol hydrochloride. Dimecarbin is used in the treatment of hypertension in Russia.

Metyridine has been shown to possess anthelmintic activity, particularly for the nematodes of the alimentary canal. Methyridine is able to pass freely through most of the barriers, which maintain body integrity. It produces neuromuscular block of the decamethonium type. There appears to be sufficient difference between the sensitivity of nematode and vertebrate nervous systems to this drug to allow a wide safety margin for its use in animals. Signs of toxicity, principally dullness and lassitude, may be produced by overdosage of the drug. When given subcutaneously methyridine may cause local pain, and swelling.

Moroxydine is an antiviral drug discovered in the 1950’s which was shown to be active against DNA and RNA viruses. Moroxydine analogues are potent anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents.

Fenclozic acid emerged in the late 1960s as a promising carboxylic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug candidate that demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic properties. Whole body autoradiography showed fenclozic acid distribution into all tissues except the brain, with radioactivity still detectable in blood, kidney and liver at 72 h post-dose. Fenclozic acid was compared with aspirin in a double-blind, crossover trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was concluded that fenclozic acid afforded symptomatic relief and was comparable to aspirin. Unfortunately, hepatotoxicity was observed in subsequent trials and the drug was withdrawn from the clinic.

Buparvaquone is a second-generation hydroxynaphtaquinone with novel features that make it an effective compound for the therapy and prophylaxis of all forms of theileriosis. It has shown promising activities against Leishmania spp. and Neospora caninum infection. In combination with arteether it is effective against Babesia equi. Buparvaquone directly inhibits the respiration of Theileria parasites. Due to the inhibiting effects of theileriosis on the immune system, vaccination should be delayed until the animal has recovered from theileriosis. Localised, painless, oedematous swelling may occasionally be seen at the injection site.