Paromomycin is a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by by Streptomyces rimosus var. paromomycinus and used to treat intestinal infections such as cryptosporidiosis and amoebiasis, and other diseases such as leishmaniasis. Paromomycin is also used for the management of hepatic coma as adjunctive therapy. Paromomycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial or protozoal 16S ribosomal RNA which causes defective polypeptide chains to be produced. Continuous production of defective proteins eventually leads to bacterial death. Gastrointestinal side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.

Diphenoxylate is an opioid drug used for the treatment of acute diarrhea. The drug is used in combination with atropine and marketed under names Lomotil and Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate. Diphenoxylate is biotransformed in man by ester hydrolysis to diphenoxylic acid (difenoxine), which is biologically active and the major metabolite in the blood. The drug exerts its action by activating mu opioid receptors of intestinal mucosa.

Griseofulvin is a mycotoxic metabolic product of Penicillium spp. It was the first available oral agent for the treatment of dermatophytoses and has now been used for more than forty years. Griseofulvin is fungistatic with in vitro activity against various species of Microsporum Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. It has no effect on bacteria or on other genera of fungi. Following oral administration, griseofulvin is deposited in the keratin precursor cells and has a greater affinity for diseased tissue. The drug is tightly bound to the new keratin which becomes highly resistant to fungal invasions. Once the keratin-Griseofulvin complex reaches the skin site of action, it binds to fungal microtubules (tubulin) thus altering fungal mitosis. Griseofulvin is fungistatic, however the exact mechanism by which it inhibits the growth of dermatophytes is not clear. It is thought to inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It also binds to and interferes with the function of spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules by binding to alpha and beta tubulin. It binds to keratin in human cells, then once it reaches the fungal site of action, it binds to fungal microtubes thus altering the fungal process of mitosis.

Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) is an anticholinergic used as a mydriatic.Tropicamide belongs to the group of medicines called anti-muscarinics. Tropicamide blocks the receptors in the muscles of the eye (muscarinic receptors). These receptors are involved controlling the pupil size and the shape of the lens. By blocking these receptors, tropicamide produces dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis) and prevents the eye from accommodating for near vision (cycloplegia). Tropicamide is given as eye drops to dilate the pupil and relax the lens so that eye examinations can be carried out thoroughly.

Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of many conditions, including rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, brain swelling and others. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid agonist. Unbound dexamethasone crosses cell membranes and binds with high affinity to specific cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors. Adverse reactions are: Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects; cataract formation; secondary ocular infection following suppression of host response; and perforation of the globe may occur; muscle weakness; osteoporosis and others. Aminoglutethimide may diminish adrenal suppression by corticosteroids. Macrolide antibiotics have been reported to cause a significant decrease in corticosteroid clearance.

Amphotericin B used to treat progressive, potentially life-threatening fungal infections, such as oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis and esophageal candidiasis in patients with normal neutrophil counts. Also, Amphotericin B is often used in otherwise-untreatable protozoan infections such as visceral leishmaniasis and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. As with other polyene antifungals, amphotericin B binds with ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, forming a transmembrane channel that leads to monovalent ion (K+, Na+, H+ and Cl−) leakage, which is the primary effect leading to fungal cell death. When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with amphotericin B: Antineoplastic agents, Corticosteroids and Corticotropin (ACTH); Digitalis glycosides; Flucytosine; Imidazoles (e.g., ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole, etc.); Zidovudine; Skeletal muscle relaxants (tubocurarine); Rifabutin; Leukocyte transfusions. The adverse reactions most commonly observed are: fever; malaise; weight loss; hypotension; tachypnea; anorexia; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; dyspepsia; cramping epigastric pain; normochromic, normocytic anemia; pain at the injection site with or without phlebitis or thrombophlebitis; generalized pain, including muscle and joint pains; headache; decreased renal function and renal function abnormalities.

Chlorambucil is a bifunctional 12 alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard type that has been found active against selected human 13 neoplastic diseases. Chlorambucil alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, inducing DNA damage via three different methods of covalent adduct generation with double-helical DNA. Bone marrow suppression (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) is the most commonly occurring side effect of chlorambucil. There are no known drug/drug interactions with chlorambucil.

Norethisterone (INN, BAN), also known as Norethindrone (USAN) (brand names Micronor, AYGESTIN, numerous others) is a synthetic progestational hormone (progestin) with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used for the treatment of secondary amenorrhea, endometriosis, and abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance in the absence of organic pathology, such as submucous fibroids or uterine cancer. AYGESTIN® is not intended, recommended or approved to be used with oncomitant estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women for endometrial protection. Progestins diffuse freely into target cells and bind to the progesterone receptor. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH surge. Allergic reaction could be: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.

Cycloserine was discovered simultaneously in 1954 by Eli Lilly and Merck. The drug was approved for the treatment of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and marketed under the name Seromycin (among the others). Cycloserine suppresses the synthesis of bacterial wall by inhibitin two enzymes: alanine racemase and d-alanine ligase.