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Search results for amphotericin root_codes_comments in Code Comments (approximate match)
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 331.11(c)(1) antacid:bismuth-containing bismuth aluminate
Source URL:
First approved in 1961
Source:
ESTOMUL BISMUTH ALUMINATE by RIKER
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Bismuth aluminate is an antacid drug. The good therapeutic results are due to a coating effect providing a local antipepsin action at the site of the ulcer is an interesting possibility. Inorganic bismuth derivatives have good antibacterial properties and are considered to be only slightly toxic to humans because of their low uptake into human cells. The formation of methylated bismuth derivatives in the human gut may damage mammalian cells as well as the physiological gut microbiota.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.18 cough/cold:expectorant guaifenesin
Source URL:
First approved in 1961
Source:
BRONKODYL GLYCERYL GUAIACOLATE by PRL
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Conditions:
Guaifenesin is an expectorant the action of which promotes or facilitates the removal of secretions from the respiratory tract. The precise mechanism of action of guaifenesin is not known; however, it is thought to act as an expectorant by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi. In turn, this may increase the efficiency of the cough reflex and facilitate removal of the secretions. Guaifenesin is over-the-counter drug for the treatment of cough and common cold.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 349.12(d)(5) ophthalmic:demulcents propylene glycol
Source URL:
First approved in 1961
Source:
VOSOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL by WAMPOLE LABS
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Conditions:
PROPYLENE GLYCOL is a component of SYSTANE® Lubricant. It is used for the temporary relief of burning and irritation due to dryness of the eye.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.20(a)(3) cough/cold:nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine sulfate
Source URL:
First approved in 1961
Source:
DISOPHROL by SCHERING
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug. Pseudoephedrine acts as an adrenomimetic and inhibitor of monoamine transporters. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra (ma huang), contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Ephedra has been found to stimulate the nervous system, increase airflow into the lungs and constrict blood vessels. In combination with caffeine, ephedra appears to cause weight loss. Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant that shrinks blood vessels in the nasal passages. Pseudoephedrine is used to relieve nasal or sinus congestion caused by the common cold, sinusitis, and hay fever and other respiratory allergies.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.14(a)(4) cough/cold:antitussive dextromethorphan hydrobromide
Source URL:
First approved in 1954
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Dextromethorphan is a non-narcotic morphine derivative widely used as an antitussive for almost 40 years. It has attracted attention due to its anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties. It is a cough suppressant in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. In 2010, the FDA approved the combination product dextromethorphan/quinidine for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect. Dextromethorphan suppresses the cough reflex by a direct action on the cough center in the medulla of the brain. Dextromethorphan shows high-affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used antitussives and is used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a sigma-1 receptor agonist and an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. The mechanism by which dextromethorphan exerts therapeutic effects in patients with pseudobulbar affect is unknown. Dextromethorphan should not be taken with monoamine oxidase inhibitors due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Dextromethorphan is extensively metabolized by CYP2D6 to dextrorphan, which is rapidly glucuronidated and unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 332.10 antiflatulent simethicone
Source URL:
First approved in 1952
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Silicon dioxide (silica) is most commonly found in nature as quartz, as well as in various living organisms. Silicon dioxide one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing both as several minerals and being produced synthetically. In food and pharmaceutical industry silica is a common additive, where it is used primarily as a flow in powdered foods, or to adsorb water in hygroscopic application. In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.20(b)(9) cough/cold:nasal decongestant propylhexedrine
Source URL:
First approved in 1949
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Propylhexedrine is considered to be an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors. It is effective as a topical vasoconstrictor. The primary medicinal use of Benzedrex (Propylhexedrine inhaler) propylhexedrine is temporary symptomatic relief of nasal decongestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. Structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine.Exact mechanism of action unknown but thought to be similar to amphetamine. When used as a nasal inhaler for this indication, propylhexedrine reduces nasal airway resistance without producing rebound congestion. Abuse does not occur by nasal inhalation; however, a small amount of abuse of the propylhexedrine containing nasal inhalers occurs by oral ingestion of the contents of the inhaler or by intravenous injection. Propylhexedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of low abuse potential, a stimulant of low preference for stimulant abusers compared with amphetamine, methylphenidate, phenmetrazine.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 336.10(b) antiemetic dimenhydrinate
Source URL:
First approved in 1949
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 346.10(f) anorectal:local anesthetic lidocaine
Source URL:
First approved in 1948
Source:
XYLOCAINE DENTAL by DENTSPLY PHARM
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used to numb tissue in a specific area and for management of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly those of ventricular origins, such as occur with acute myocardial infarction. Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by blocking the fast voltage-gated Na+ channels in the neuronal cell membrane responsible for signal propagation. With sufficient blockage, the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential. This creates the anesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain, but by stopping them before they begin. Careful titration allows for a high degree of selectivity in the blockage of sensory neurons, whereas higher concentrations also affect other modalities of neuron signaling. Lidocaine exerts an antiarrhythmic effect by increasing the electrical stimulation threshold of the ventricle during diastole. In usual therapeutic doses, lidocaine hydrochloride produces no change in myocardial contractility, in systemic arterial pressure, or an absolute refractory period. The efficacy profile of lidocaine as a local anesthetic is characterized by a rapid onset of action and intermediate duration of efficacy. Therefore, lidocaine is suitable for infiltration, block, and surface anesthesia. Longer-acting substances such as bupivacaine are sometimes given preference for spinal and epidural anesthesias; lidocaine, though, has the advantage of a rapid onset of action. Lidocaine is also the most important class-1b antiarrhythmic drug; it is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (for acute myocardial infarction, digoxin poisoning, cardioversion, or cardiac catheterization) if amiodarone is not available or contraindicated. Lidocaine should be given for this indication after defibrillation, CPR, and vasopressors have been initiated. A routine preventative dose is no longer recommended after a myocardial infarction as the overall benefit is not convincing. Inhaled lidocaine can be used as a cough suppressor acting peripherally to reduce the cough reflex. This application can be implemented as a safety and comfort measure for patients who have to be intubated, as it reduces the incidence of coughing and any tracheal damage it might cause when emerging from anesthesia. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when lidocaine is used as a local anesthetic and is administered correctly. Most ADRs associated with lidocaine for anesthesia relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, and allergic reactions only rarely occur. Systemic exposure to excessive quantities of lidocaine mainly result in a central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular effects – CNS effects usually occur at lower blood plasma concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects present at higher concentrations, though cardiovascular collapse may also occur with low concentrations.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 333.110(c) first aid antibiotic:ointment chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Source URL:
First approved in 1948
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color. Chlortetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats.