γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a naturally occurring substance, which is a product of decarboxylation of the amino acid glutamate mediated by the synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain and acts mainly through the GABAA receptor (GABAAR). GABA is locally produced by the pancreatic beta cells. GABAARs are also expressed in various immune cells, including T-cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and are known to exert immune-inhibitory effects. Recently was studied, that GABA has the potential in treatment of Type I Diabetes. Moreover, was shown, that GABA administration could enhance immunity under stress conditions.

The oil obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis is one of the oldest drugs known to man. Castor oil is known primarily as an effective laxative; however, it was also used in ancient times with pregnant women to induce labor. Aside from getting rid of acne, castor oil also helps detoxify the skin. It helps break up the oils that clog glands and pores on the face. Only now, have scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research succeeded in unravelling the mysteries of the action mechanism. Ricinoleic acid released from the oil in the intestine, is responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It was discovered, that G protein-coupled receptors, a large group of receptors in the body involved primarily in transmitting signals in cells. Hundreds of receptors were systematically turned off, and then the reaction of the cells to ricinoleic acid was tested. Ultimately, was succeeded identified the key receptor with the name EP3. There was concluded that after being released from the castor oil, the ricinoleic acid is first of all absorbed by the body via the intestinal mucosa; the EP3 receptor then becomes active on the muscle cells of the intestine and uterus, which in turn stimulates intestinal activity.

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins. Oleanolic acid protects the liver from acute chemically induced liver injury, fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic liver diseases. Its possess cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.

Sodium dehydroacetate, a water-soluble antiseptic, is a food and feed additive with antimicrobial effects. Recently published studies have shown that sodium dehydroacetate in patients with leg ulcers could cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate is a polyfunctional metal chelating ligand that may be used as a metal scavenger.to form metal coordination complexes. Sulfosalicylic acid forms proton-transfer dye complexes with diazo compounds such as 4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline. Proteins are precipitated upon complexation with 5-Sulfosalicylic acid, allowing the qualitative analysis of the resultant turbidity formed in a sample by these complexes leaving solution. Protein precipitation with 5-Sulfosalicylic acid has also been employed as a preparative measure for removing proteins prior to chromatographic analysis.

Sodium chlorite (NaClO2), a sodium salt of chlorite ion, is used as a disinfectant in water treatment and as a component in therapeutic rinses and gels. NaClO2 is an active ingredient of veterinary solution AZTEC GOLD, which is used to reduce the spread of organisms, which may cause mastitis in cows. NaClO2 can increase production of reactive oxygen species, which cause the oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, and as a result, the res cell senescence.

Phenolsulfonic Acid has a variety of applications, such as metal working and processing, it is used as polymerization catalyst, chemical intermediate, textile dye manufacturing, as well as oilfield chemicals. It is used in endodontic therapy for disinfection.

Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid, that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. Benzenesulfonic acid was first obtained, together with diphenyl sulfone, by E. MITSCHERLICH in 1834 by heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid. The industrially important reaction of benzenesulfonic acid with alkali hydroxide to form phenol (alkali fusion) was developed by A. WURTZ and A. KEKUL_e in 1867 and by P. O. DEGENER in 1878. Until the early 1960s benzenesulfonic acid was used chiefly in the manufacture of phenol. Benzenesulfonic acid has the characteristic reactions of a strong aromatic sulfonic acid. Acid hydrolysis at 175 C splits it into benzene and sulfuric acid. Additional sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives 1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, which reacts further to 1,3,5-benzenetrisulfonic acid, and also diphenyl sulfone disulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid is used as an acid catalyst. The sodium salt is used to standardize dyes. A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are prepared as benzenesulfonate salts and are known as besilates (INN) or besylates (USAN).