Retonol, also known as Vitamin A1, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. It is used to treat and prevent vitamin A deficiency. It is also used to prevent further issues in those who have measles. Retinol is used as a metabolic precursor of retinoic acid to treat skin-related conditions, such as cellulite, skin aging, photodamage.

Phylloquinone is often called vitamin K1 or phytonadione. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stable to air and moisture but decomposes in sunlight. It is found naturally in a wide variety of green plants. Phylloquinone is also an antidote for coumatetralyl. Vitamin K is needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. MEPHYTON (Phytonadione tablets) are indicated in the following coagulation disorders which are due to faulty formation of factors II, VII, IX and X when caused by vitamin K deficiency or interference with vitamin K activity: anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency caused by coumarin or indanedione derivatives; hypoprothrombinemia secondary to antibacterial therapy; hypoprothrombinemia secondary to administration of salicylates; hypoprothrombinemia secondary to obstructive jaundice or biliary fistulas but only if bile salts are administered concurrently, since otherwise the oral vitamin K will not be absorbed. MEPHYTON tablets possess the same type and degree of activity as does naturally-occurring vitamin K, which is necessary for the production via the liver of active prothrombin (factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), and Stuart factor (factor X). The prothrombin test is sensitive to the levels of three of these four factors II, VII, and X. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the gamma-carboxylase enzymes, which catalyze the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in inactive hepatic precursors of coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X. Gamma-carboxylation converts these inactive precursors into active coagulation factors, which are secreted by hepatocytes into the blood. Supplementing with Phylloquinone results in a relief of vitamin K deficiency symptoms, which include easy bruisability, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia and hematuria. Oral phytonadione is adequately absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract only if bile salts are present. After absorption, phytonadione is initially concentrated in the liver, but the concentration declines rapidly. Very little vitamin K accumulates in tissues. Little is known about the metabolic fate of vitamin K. Almost no free unmetabolized vitamin K appears in bile or urine. In normal animals and humans, phytonadione is virtually devoid of pharmacodynamic activity. However, in animals and humans deficient in vitamin K, the pharmacological action of vitamin K is related to its normal physiological function; that is, to promote the hepatic biosynthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. MEPHYTON tablets generally exert their effect within 6 to 10 hours.

Polymyxin B is a lipopeptide antibiotic isolated from Bacillus polymyxa. Its basic structure consists of a polycationic peptide ring and a tripeptide side chain with a fatty acid tail. Polymyxin B is a mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components. Polymyxin B acts on Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane and destabilizing it. Polymyxin B is indicated for the treatment of many bacterial diseases such as meningeal infections, urinary tract infections and bacteremia.

Tazarotene is a prodrug and a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids. Following topical application, tazarotene undergoes esterase hydrolysis to form its active metabolite, tazarotenic acid. When treating acne tazarotene may be taken in conjunction with an oral antibiotic. Tazarotene has been shown in peer-reviewed double blinded studies to reduce: mottling and hyperpigmentation, sallowness, fine wrinkling and coarse wrinkling in sun damaged skin. Histological studies have shown that long term (greater than 1 year) use of Tazarotene is associated with a significant reduction in atypical melanocytes and keratocytes - cells considered to be precursors of skin cancer. Some studies have shown long term use of Tazarotene to be associated with increased collagen production and better organization of skin collagen bundles. Although the exact mechanism of tazarotene action is not known, studies have shown that the active form of the drug (tazarotenic acid) binds to all three members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) family: RARa, RARb, and RARg, but shows relative selectivity for RARb, and RARg and may modify gene expression. It also has affinity for RXR receptors. Tazarotene is used to treat psoriasis, acne and sun damaged skin (photodamage). Tazarotene is marketed as Tazorac, Avage, Zorac, and Fabior.

Alitretinoin, or 9-cis-retinoic acid, is a form of vitamin A. It is also used in medicine as an antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agent developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals. Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) is a naturally-occurring endogenous retinoid indicated for topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Alitretinoin inhibits the growth of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells in vitro. Alitretinoin binds to and activates all known intracellular retinoid receptor subtypes (RARa, RARb, RARg, RXRa, RXRb and RXRg). Once activated these receptors function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that control the process of cellular differentiation and proliferation in both normal and neoplastic cells. In the United States, topical alitretinoin (in the form of a gel; trade name Panretin) is indicated for the treatment of skin lesions in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

Minocycline is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. Minocycline has many brand names one of them is minocin, Minocin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci etc. Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-negative bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species etc. MINOCIN also is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-positive bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, etc. When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, etc. Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Minocycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria.

Alitretinoin, or 9-cis-retinoic acid, is a form of vitamin A. It is also used in medicine as an antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agent developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals. Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) is a naturally-occurring endogenous retinoid indicated for topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Alitretinoin inhibits the growth of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells in vitro. Alitretinoin binds to and activates all known intracellular retinoid receptor subtypes (RARa, RARb, RARg, RXRa, RXRb and RXRg). Once activated these receptors function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that control the process of cellular differentiation and proliferation in both normal and neoplastic cells. In the United States, topical alitretinoin (in the form of a gel; trade name Panretin) is indicated for the treatment of skin lesions in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

Doxycycline hyclate (Vibramycin, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs) is salt of tetracycline antibiotic Doxycycline, that used to treat many kinds of infections, like dental, skin, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. It also treats acne, Lyme disease, malaria, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Doxycycline hyclate is a light-yellow crystalline powder which is soluble in water, while doxycycline monohydrate is very slightly soluble in water. Doxycycline is bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of transfer RNA and messenger RNA at ribosomal sites. Doxycycline hyclate is indicated for use in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis for a gain in clinical attachment, reduction in probing depth, and reduction in bleeding on probing.

Discovered as natural products from actinomycetes soil bacteria, the tetracyclines were first reported in the scientific literature in 1948. They were noted for their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and were commercialized with clinical success beginning in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. By catalytic hydrogenation of Aureomycin, using palladium metal and hydrogen, the C7 deschloro derivative was synthesized, producing a compound of higher potency, a better solubility profile, and favorable pharmacological activity; it was subsequently named tetracycline. Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Tetracycline is active against a broad range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Tetracycline is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of tetracycline hydrochloride and other antibacterial drugs, tetracycline hydrochloride should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

Cefprozil is a 2nd generation cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of mild to moderate infections of upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections. Cefprozil, like the penicillins, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal pain and vaginitis. Nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics and cephalosporin antibiotics. Concomitant administration of probenecid doubled the AUC for cefprozil.