Ethyl valerate is a substance responsible for green apple flavor. It has various applications in the food and cosmetic industry.

Norgestomet is a synthetic derivative of progesterone with improved oral activity due to its 17α-acetate side chain. In veterinary medicine norgestomet is used for the synchronisation of oestrus in cattle. It is administered as a subcutaneous ear implant (containing 3 mg norgestomet; to be removed after 9 to 10 days), in combination with a single intramuscular injection containing 3 mg norgestomet and 5 mg oestradiol valerate. The injection is to be given immediately after application of the implant. Norgestomet is not used in human medicine. It is a steroidal progestin of the 19-norprogesterone group.

Diflucortolone (used in the form of valerate prodrug) is a corticosteroid developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. It is supposed that Diflucortolone acts by inducing Annexin A1, a phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein, and thus controls the biosynthesis of prostagladins and leukotrienes. The drug is marketed as a cream under the tradename Nerisone.

Dexamethasone palmitate (a derivative of Dexamethasone), anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, glucocorticoid receptor agonist, is reported as an ingredient of Limethason in Japan and Lipotalon in Germany. Limethason (Dexamethasone palmitate) inhibits the function of leukocytes and tissue macrophages. It restricts the migration of leukocytes in the area of inflammation. Limethason (Dexamethasone palmitate) decreases capillary permeability caused by histamine release. It inhibits the activity of fibroblasts and collagen formation. Limethason inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2, which leads to suppression of the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Limethason (Dexamethasone palmitate) is indicated for rheumatoid arthritis.

Testosterone valerate, or testosterone pentanoate, is a synthetic, steroidal androgen. It is a short-to-medium duration C17β valerate ester of testosterone, with a terminal half-life of approximately twice that of the short-acting testosterone propionate. Testosterone valerate is available exclusively as a component of the veterinary drug Deposterona developed by Syntex Animal Health Company, which is marketed in Mexico. Deposterona also contains testosterone acetate and testosterone undecanoate and is used to treat impotence, weakness, fatigue and hypogonadism in male breeding animals (cows, pigs, canines, sheep), as well as a general protein-sparing anabolic. It is administered via intramuscular injection and acts as a long-lasting prodrug of testosterone. Esterified forms of testosterone are designed to prolong the window of therapeutic effect following administration, allowing for less frequent injection schedule compared to injections of unesterified steroid. Deposterona is also used for bodybuilding purposes in men and not recommended for women performance-enhancing purposes due to its strong androgenic nature, side effects, and slow-acting characteristics (making blood levels difficult to control). Deposterona is only known to be manufactured in Mexico. Because it contains a low concentration of steroid,this product is not in high demand, and not readily diverted for illicit sale.

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eye drops. In vitro tests have demonstrated that neomycin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of protein in susceptible bacterial cells. It is effective primarily against gram-negative bacilli but does have some activity against gram-positive organisms. Neomycin is active in vitro against Escherichia coli and the Klebsiella-Entero. Topical uses include treatment for superficial eye infections caused by susceptible bacteria (used in combination with other anti-infective), treatment of otitis externa caused by susceptible bacteria, treatment or prevention of bacterial infections in skin lesions, and use as a continuous short-term irrigant or rinse to prevent bacteriuria and gram negative rod bacteremia in bacteriuria patients with indwelling catheters. May be used orally to treat hepatic encephalopathy, as a perioperative prophylactic agent, and as an adjunct to fluid and electrolyte replacement in the treatment of diarrhea caused to enter pathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Neomycin sulfate has been shown to be effective adjunctive therapy in hepatic coma by reduction of the ammonia forming bacteria in the intestinal tract. The subsequent reduction in blood ammonia has resulted in neurologic improvement. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Neomycin Sulfate Oral Solution and other antibacterial drugs, susceptible bacteria should use Neomycin Sulfate Oral Solution only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Neomycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site near nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes

Polymyxin B is a lipopeptide antibiotic isolated from Bacillus polymyxa. Its basic structure consists of a polycationic peptide ring and a tripeptide side chain with a fatty acid tail. Polymyxin B is a mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components. Polymyxin B acts on Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane and destabilizing it. Polymyxin B is indicated for the treatment of many bacterial diseases such as meningeal infections, urinary tract infections and bacteremia.

Kanamycin (a mixture of kanamycin A, B and C) is an aminoglycoside bacteriocidal antibiotic, available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infections. It is effective against Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Serious side effects include tinnitus or loss of hearing, toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug. Mixing of an aminoglycoside with beta-lactam-type antibiotics (penicillins or cephalosporins) may result in a significant mutual inactivation. Even when an aminoglycoside and a penicillin-type drug are administered separately by different routes, a reduction in aminoglycoside serum half-life or serum levels has been reported in patients with impaired renal function and in some patients with normal renal function.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (INTRAROSA™, prasterone) is a major C19 steroid produced from cholesterol by the adrenal cortex. It is also produced in small quantities in the testis and the ovary. Dehydroepiandrosterone (INTRAROSA, prasterone) is structurally similar to, and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone and estrogen. It indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvar and vaginal atrophy, due to menopause. The mechanism of action of dehydroepiandrosterone (INTRAROSA, prasterone) in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy is not fully established.