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Restrict the search for
dexamethasone phosphate
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1978)
Source:
NDA017433
(1978)
Source URL:
First approved in 1948
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is an organochlorine compound that was once widely used as a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white odorless solid, although commercial samples can be off-white and possess a slightly phenolic odor. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform. Exact mechanism(s) of action unknown, but at low concentrations appears to interrupt bacterial electron transport and inhibit membrane-bound enzymes. Higher concentrations rupture bacterial membranes. It induces leakage, causes protoplast lysis, and inhibits respiration. In medicine, hexachlorophene is a useful as a topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps and toothpaste. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plant bactericide, and acaricide.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2001)
Source:
NDA021265
(2001)
Source URL:
First approved in 1947
Source:
BEROCCA PN by ROCHE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin. It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic taste. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro-oxidant in pathological conditions. Oxidized ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) directly inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta (IKKbeta) and IKKalpha enzymatic activity in vitro, whereas ascorbic acid did not have this effect. These findings define a function for vitamin C in signal transduction other than as an antioxidant and mechanistically illuminate how vitamin C down-modulates NF-kappaB signaling. Vitamin C is recommended for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. Its parenteral administration is desirable for patients with an acute deficiency or for those whose absorption of orally ingested ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is uncertain. Symptoms of mild deficiency may include faulty bone and tooth development, gingivitis, bleeding gums, and loosened teeth. Febrile states, chronic illness, and infection (pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, sinusitis, rheumatic fever, etc.) increase the need for ascorbic acid (vitamin c). Hemovascular disorders, burns, delayed fracture and wound healing are indications for an increase in the daily intake.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2013)
Source:
NDA021876
(2013)
Source URL:
First approved in 1947
Source:
BEROCCA PN by ROCHE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Pyridoxine is the 4-methanol form of vitamin B6 and is converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the body. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities. Used for the treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and for the prophylaxis of isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2016)
Source:
NDA203324
(2016)
Source URL:
First approved in 1947
Source:
BEROCCA PN by ROCHE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Flavin mononucleotide, or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2) (as riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium) is an ingredient of the FDA approved composition Infuvite Adult, indicated as a daily multivitamin maintenance supplement for adults and children aged 11 and older receiving parenteral nutrition. Infuvite Adult is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. Flavin mononucleotide is also a component of Cytoflavin, used for the treatment of consequences of cerebral infarction, for the treatment of atherosclerosis, encephalopathy, neurasthenia. Cytoflavin is marketed in Russian Federation.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2017)
Source:
ANDA204829
(2017)
Source URL:
First approved in 1942
Source:
NDA021642
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products.Vitamin B12 is essential to growth, cell reproduction, hematopoiesis, and nucleoprotein
and myelin synthesis. Cells characterized by rapid division (e.g., epithelial cells, bone
marrow, myeloid cells) appear to have the greatest requirement for vitamin B12. Vitamin
B12 can be converted to coenzyme B12 in tissues, and as such is essential for conversion
of methylmalonate to succinate and synthesis of methionine from homocysteine, a
reaction which also requires folate. In the absence of coenzyme B12, tetrahydrofolate
cannot be regenerated from its inactive storage form, 5- methyltetrahydrofolate, and a
functional folate deficiency occurs. Vitamin B12 also may be involved in maintaining
sulfhydryl (SH) groups in the reduced form required by many SH-activated enzyme
systems. Through these reactions, vitamin B12 is associated with fat and carbohydrate
metabolism and protein synthesis. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in megaloblastic
anemia, GI lesions, and neurologic damage that begins with an inability to produce
myelin and is followed by gradual degeneration of the axon and nerve head.
Cyanocobalamin is the most stable and widely used form of vitamin B12, and has
hematopoietic activity apparently identical to that of the antianemia factor in purified
liver extract. Parenteral (intramuscular) administration of vitamin B12 completely reverses the
megaloblastic anemia and GI symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2021)
Source:
ANDA212313
(2021)
Source URL:
First approved in 1940
Source:
Dimenformon Dipropionate by Roche-Organon (H.La Roche; Organon)
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Estradiol benzoate is the synthetic benzoate ester of estradiol, a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. As the primary, most potent estrogen hormone produced by the ovaries, estradiol binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors. This agent exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability. Although estradiol benzoate is not approved by the FDA for use in humans in the United States, it is approved for veterinary use as a subdermal implant both alone (CELERIN®) and in combination with the anabolic steroid trenbolone acetate (SYNOVEX® Plus).
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1999)
First approved in 1939
Source:
HISTAMINE PHOSPHATE by LILLY
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Histamine is a depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Phosphate salt of jistamine was used as a diagnostic aid for evaluation of gastric acid secretory function. In addition, this compound is used as a positive control in evaluation of allergenic (immediate hypersensitivity or "Type I") skin testing. In addition, histamine is being studied for treatment of multiple sclerosis. It was approved, that histamine physiological functions are mediated by four 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, H4R) that are all targets of pharmacological intervention. The receptors display molecular heterogeneity and constitutive activity. H1R antagonists are long known antiallergic and sedating drugs, whereas the H2R led to the development of H2R-antagonists that revolutionized stomach ulcer treatment. The H3R is an auto receptor and heteroreceptor providing negative feedback on histaminergic and inhibition on other neurons. The H4R occurs on immuncompetent cells and the development of anti-inflammatory drugs is anticipated.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2015)
Source:
ANDA203112
(2015)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Quinine Dihydrochloride U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Quinine soluble salts possess the extremely bitter taste, that may have a perplexing problem especially to children. That is why the most common combinations which are administered in this way are the sulphate, salicylate, tannate and certain esters. Quinine tannate, an insoluble quinine salt has been known in medicine for a very long time. However, many experiments have revealed that quinine tannate was practically inert as a medicinal substance.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2003)
Source:
NDA021626
(2003)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Ferrous Sulphate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
There is no information about biological and pharmacological application of Iron(II) fluoride (also known as ferrous fluoride). It is known, that this substance is used to catalyze some organic reactions.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1981)
Source:
NDA018469
(1981)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil with Calcium Phosphate N.F.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Phosphate is a major intracellular anion in mammals. Hydrogen phopshate is a protonated form of phosphate. In serum, phosphate exists in two forms, dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4) and its salt, mono-hydrogen phosphate (HPO4). At the physiologic pH of 7.40, the pK of H2PO4 is 6.8 and the ratio of HPO4 to H2PO4 is 4:1. Altered level of phosphate can be an indicator of various disorders, such as chronic renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, familial intermittent hyperphosphatemia, endocrine disorders, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, juvenile hypogonadism, etc. These disorders may lead to either hyper- or hypophosphatemia, which can be caused by cellular shifts of phosphate. Patients with hypophosphatemia can be treated with dietary phosphate supplements (potassium phosphate, for example).
