Aminoquinol (XIB4035) is a nonpeptidyl small molecule agonist for GFRalpha-1. XIB4035 concentration-dependently inhibited [(125)I]GDNF binding in Neuro-2A cells with an IC(50) of 10.4 uM. GDNF induced autophosphorylation of Ret protein, and promoted neurite outgrowth in Neuro-2A cells. XIB4035, like GDNF, induced Ret autophosphorylation in the Neuro-2A cells. Moreover, XIB4035 promoted neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. These results show that XIB4035 may act as an agonist at GFRalpha-1 receptor complex, and mimic neurotrophic effects of GDNF in Neuro-2A cells. It has been shown that topical application of XIB4035 is an effective treatment for small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). Topical application of GFRα/RET receptor signaling modulators may be a unique therapy for SFN, and XIB4035 is a candidate therapeutic agent. Aminoquinol has been also used in the therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and lambliasis.

Diphenan is p-benzyl-phenyl-carbamate. Various workers have reported that diphenan will rid children of oxyurids and it has been claimed to be nontoxic and tasteless and to have the advantage of being a vermicide as opposed to a vermifuge. An attempt has been made to assess the efficacy of diphenan as a vermicide. Diphenan was given far in excess of the normal dosage. Subsequent examnation showed few cures and these mostly in lightly infested children. The condition of many was unchanged and that of some worse after treatment. No toxic reactions were encountered. Moreover, diphenan was found to have no detectable anthelmintic effect when given in high dosage in the treatment of enterobiasis.

Crufomate is an insecticide and antihelmintic drug which acts by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Crufomate was used on or in cattle, sheep, and goats to control internal cattle grubs and external horn flies and cattle lice. Crufomate is administered by injection, oral administration, and spraying. For the treatment of internal helminth parasites, crufomate is administered by the oral drench directly into the rumen.

Salantel was used in veterinary as an anthelmintic agent. Information about the current use of this compound is not available.

Bamnidazole was developed as an antiprotozoal agent against Tryhomonas, however, has never been marketed.

Nitroxinil is an anthelmintic drug mainly used for the control of liver fluke in sheep and cattle. Nitroxinil is active against the liver fluke the Fasciola hepatica and to a lesser extent against thread worms in the gastrointestinal tract. The efficacy of nitroxinil administered once by subcutaneous injection at a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg live mass was evaluated against natural infestations of parafilaria bovicola in cattle. Trial animals were slaughtered 14 weeks after treatment. Treatment reduced the number of bleeding points by 97,8%, eosinophil-positive carcass lesions by 85,7% and eosinophil-positive lesion area by 92,8%, compared with controls.

FENIODIUM is an anthelmintic agent.

Piperamide is substituted piperazine with a tertiary amine group. It was used as an anthelmintic agent. Initially, it was investigated because of its effectiveness against Trypanosoma. Piperamide distorts choroid plexus epithelial ultrastructure by engendering hydropic vacuoles.

Closantel is a synthetic anti parasitic agent which is highly effective against adults and larvae (6 to weeks old) of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica), and against several important gastrointestinal roundworms (e.g. Bunostomum, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia - Teladorsagia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus), as well as against screwworms (maggots of Cochliomyia spp and Chrysomya spp), sheep nasal bots (Oestrus ovis), and sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus). The molecular mode of action closantel is not completely elucidated, but closantel decouples the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to the inhibition of ATP synthesis, this seems to occur through suppression of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase, two enzymes involved in this process. Finally this all cause the death of the parasite. Recently it has been discovered that closantel also inhibits chitinase in Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial nematode causing river blindness in humans. Chitinase is an enzyme involved in larval molting. Its inhibition interrupts their development to adult worms. This drug possesses some side effects: hyper acute anaphylactic reactions in cattle; hypersensitivity reactions; overdoses can cause reduced visibility or blindness, anorexia, lack of coordination and general weakness.