Olaquindox, a potent antibacterial agent, is used as an effective feed additive in the livestock industry. Olaquindox could potentially expose a human to the risk of biological hazards due to its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. However, the potential mechanism of toxicity is still unknown. Recently was provided experiments to explore the molecular mechanism of p21 on olaquindox-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. It was shown, that olaquindox promoted the production of ROS, suppressed the protein expression p21 in a p53-independent way and phosphorylated p21. This experiment provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of olaquindox and shed light on the role of p21.

Lobendazole is a metabolite of veterinary drug thiophanate. Lobendazole possesses teratogenic effect.

Stirimazole is an imidazole derivative patented by Lilly Industries Ltd. as an antiparasitic agent effective against Trypanosoma congolense, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense, and T. cruzi. Stirimazole inhibited Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro at 0.225 μg/ml and eliminated infected lesions in mice at 20 mg/kg orally. Stirimazole eliminated intestinal amebiasis in rats at 50 mg/kg orally and hepatic amebiasis in hamsters at 100 mg/kg i.p. Stirimazole was curative against Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma gambiense, and Trypanosoma congolense in mice at 25, 100, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg (4 times, i.p.), respectively, and against Trypanosoma vivax in calves at 25 mg/kg i.v.

FLOXACRINE, a dihydroacridinedione derivative, is an antimalarial agent. It showed high potency against blood-induced infection of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei in animal models.

Thiacetarsamide is a drug containing trivalent arsenic. In the USA it was used for the treatment of Heartworm Infection in dogs and cats under tradename Caparsolate, however, it was discontinued because of the availability of safer alternatives. The mechanism of action for thiacetarsamide is modulation of glucose uptake and metabolism; inhibition of glutathione reductase, and alteration of the structure and function of the surface of the intestinal epithelium of the parasites.

Tivanidazole is metronidazole derivative. It is antiprotozoal drug. Tivanidazole was used as trichomonacide.

Edelfosine is a synthetic alkyl-lysophospholipid, a potent immunomodulator and an effective inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation. The cytotoxic effect of edelfosine has been evaluated in a large variety of both tumor (leukemic and solid) and normal cell types, showing a high degree of selectivity towards tumor cells. Like all alkyl-lysophospholipids, Edelfosine incorporates into the cell membrane and does not target the DNA. In many tumor cells, Edelfosine causes selective apoptosis, sparing healthy cells. Edelfosine can activate the Fas/CD95cell death receptor, can inhibit the MAPK/ERK mitogenic pathway and the Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) survival pathway. Edelfosine apoptosis-inducing abilities were studied with several types of cancer, among them multiple myeloma and non-small and small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. In vivo activity against human solid tumors in mice was shown against malignant gynecological tumor cells, like ovarian cancer, and against breast cancer. In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated a “considerably higher” accumulation of Edelfosine in tumor cells than in other analyzed organs. Several clinical trials were conducted. Among them, a phase I trials with solid tumors or leukemias and phase II with non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). In Phase II clinical trial for use of Edelfosine in treating leukemia with bone marrow transplants, it was found to be safe and 'possibly effective'. A phase II trial for the treatment of brain cancers was also reported. It showed encouraging results in stopping the growth of the tumor and a considerable improvement in the “quality of life” of the patients. A phase II trial on the effect of Edelfosine on advanced non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma had a “remarkable” “high proportion of patients with stationary tumor status” as result, stable disease after initial progression in 50% of the patients.

Antafenite is an anthelminthic drug.

Antazonite (R 6438) is an anthelmintic agent. When given orally to chickens in a dose of 160 mg/Kg body weight, all Ascaridia sp., all Hetevakis sp., and about 30% Capillaria sp. are expelled within 48 hr. It is supposed that the anthelmintic activity of Antazonite is due to its major metabolite, R 8141. R 6438 is active as an anthelmintic in poultry, but not in rats. Its metabolite, R 8141, is active in both species.