PF-04447943 is a potent, selective brain penetrant PDE9 inhibitor (Ki of 2.8, 4.5 and 18 nM) for human, rhesus and rat recombinant PDE9 respectively and high selectivity for PDE9 versus PDEs1-8 and 10-11. PF-04447943 was being developed by Pfizer for the treatment of cognitive disorders. PF-04447943 attenuates a scopolamine-induced deficit in a novel rodent attention task. PF-04447943 enhances synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in rodents. PF-04447943 has completed Phase II clinical trials in subjects with mild to moderate AD in 2013 but this research was discontinued. Pfizer completes a phase I trial in Sickle cell anaemia.

MPEP (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine) was one of the first compounds found to act a selective antagonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5. It was under development by Novartis in the late 1990's. MPEP was found to produce neuroprotective effects following acute brain injury in animals. MPEP was also found to have positive effects on animal models of depression, anxiety and morphine withdrawl.

Fluthiacet-methyl, an isourazole herbicide is applied to actively growing weeds in soybeans to control annual broadleaf weeds. Fluthiacet-methyl induced the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in cotyledons of cotton and inhibited chlorophyll biosynthesis in cotyledons of velvetleaf and cotton.

Methyl palmoxirate, an oral hypoglycemic agent, was studied as a selective and irreversible inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase and of long-chain fatty acid oxidation to treat diabetes. In addition, this compound was used to study the brain lipid metabolism by quantitative autoradiography or positron emission tomography (PET).

Primisulfuron-methyl is a urea herbicide that is used on crop and non- crop areas for the control of grass weeds and many kinds of broad-leaved weeds. Primisulfuron-methyl is a selective postemergence systemic herbicide that is rapidly absorbed by plants and transported throughout the plant roots and foliage. The herbicide works by blocking cell growth in the active growing regions of the plant. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically non-toxic by ingestion, with a reported oral LD50 of greater than 5050 mg/kg in rats. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically nontoxic to wildfowl. Both bobwhite quail and mallard ducks show a high tolerance for the compound. Primisulfuron-methyl is of low to moderate persistence in the soil environment, with a field half-life of from 4 to 60 days. A representative value is estimated to be about 30 days.

Trigonellamide (1-Methylnicotinamide) is a metabolite of nicotinamide and is produced primarily in the liver by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Trigonellamide may be an endogenous activator of prostacyclin (PGI2) production and thus may regulate thrombotic as well as inflammatory processes in the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms of action of Trigonellamide involve the activation of PGI2 release driven by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). PGI2 releasing capacity of 1- Trigonellamide was shown to afford not only anti-thrombotic but also fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects. Interestingly, Trigonellamide did not directly either affect the activity of leucocytes or release PGI2 in the perfused rat hindquarters model. Still, Trigonellamide, due to its PGI2 releasing capacity, might serve as a hepatoprotective agent that protects against Concanavalin-A induced liver injury through the downregulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α signalization (TNF-α). In addition to its anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities, 1-MNA has also been shown to restore endothelial function in diabetic hyperglycemic rats, as well as to improve endothelial function in humans. PGI2 displays anti-metastatic activity, and the PGI2 releasing activity of Trigonellamide, the potential application of exogenous Trigonellamide to prevent metastatic cancer.

7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, found occasionally in human urine. 7-Methylxanthine is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine, and has been shown to have low toxicity and no carcinogenic effects. 7-MX is known as a non-selective adenosine antagonist and has been shown to work against myopia. 7-MX has little effect on the proliferation or apoptosis of human RPE cells; however, 7-MX disturbs the proportion of cells in the G1 stage and inhibits the expression of ADORA1, ADORA2A, and ADORA2B in short-term treatment. 7-MX has been confirmed to reduce the severity of myopia and eye elongation induced by forming deprivation in guinea pigs and to counteract the thinning of the posterior sclera and of collagen fibrils induced by form deprivation. A clinical trial showed that 7-MX reduced eye elongation and myopia progression in childhood myopia.

Chlorpyrifos-methyl is a broad-spectrum organophosphorous insecticide and potential toxic pollutant widely used in agriculture and effective against a wide range of insect pests in commercial importance crops. Chlorpyrifos-methyl have endocrine disruption activity, especially anti-androgenic effects and Chlorpyrifos-methyl administration leads to hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in mammals. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl exhibited behavioral changes in the form of neurotoxin toxicity: less general activity than control group, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming and staying motionless at a certain location