Americium is a radioactive metallic element with atomic number 95 and element symbol Am. It's the only synthetic element encountered in everyday life, in minute quantities in ionization-type smoke detectors. Americium was first synthesized and identified in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph James, L Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Manhattan Project. The element was produced using a 60-inch cyclotron. Americium is a shiny silver radioactive metal. All isotopes of this element are radioactive. The isotope with the longest half-life is americium-243, which has a half-life of 7370 years. The most common isotopes are americium-241, with a half-life of 432.7 years, and americium-243. Americium-242 is also known, with a half-life of 141 years. In total, 19 isotopes and 8 nuclear isomers have been characterized. The isotopes variously undergo alpha, beta, and gamma decay. EPA Facts AboutAmericium-241EPA Facts About Americium-241 July 2002 What is americium-241? Americium is a man-made radioactive metal that exists as a solid under normal conditions. Americium is produced when plutonium absorbs neutrons in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons tests. Americium occurs in several forms called isotopes. The most common isotope is americium-241. Americium when blended with beryllium is used as a neutron source in the testing of machinery and in thickness gauges in the glass industry. Americium also is used as a radiation source in medical diagnostic devices and in research. Possible uses are in medicine where gamma emission of Am-241 has allowed the deter-mination of mineral content of bones, lipid content of soft tissues, and body composition. Americium is commonly used in minute amounts in smoke detectors as an ionization source. However this isotope is extremely expensive to produce in usable quantities. There is no known biological role of americium in living organisms. It's generally considered toxic because of its radioactivity.

Dexsotalol is an isomer of antiarrhythmic drug d,l-sotalol, but in opposite to drug, it increases the incidence of arrhythmias

HDAC-IN-2 (also known as citarinostat or ACY-241) was developed as a selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Inhibition of HDAC leads to the inhibition of tumor oncogene transcription, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes, which inhibit tumor cell division and induce tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC-IN-2 participates in phase 1b clinical trial in patients with multiple myeloma to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and evaluate the safety and preliminary antitumor activity. Besides, HDAC-IN-2 in combination with paclitaxel participates in phase Ib in patients with advanced solid tumors. In addition, HDAC-IN-2 in combination with nivolumab participates in phase I in patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer to determine the safety, tolerability, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the drug.

Propoxycarbazone-Sodium (also known as BAY MKH 6561) is asulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone derivative patented by German multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company Bayer A.-G. as herbicide Propoxycarbazone inhibits acetolactate synthase (ALS), and has selectivity on spring, winter, and durum varieties. The spectrum of control includes several species of monocot and dicot weeds at the application rates of 30 to 45 g/ha. Bromus control is the primary target since existing herbicides have limited timing, selectivity, and use patterns which reduce usefulness. Propoxycarbazone applied postemergence between the 1- to 2-leaf stage and shoot elongation has provided economic control of the following Bromus species: B. tectorum, B. secalinus, B. mollis, B. rigidus, and B. japonicus. Side effects, and sometimes control, was also noted on Aegilops tauschii for which there is no selective control outside genetically altered wheat cultivars. Broadleaf control was obtained primarily on the mustard family, including species in the genera Sisymbrium, Brassica, Descurainia, Chorispora, Camelina, Capsella, and Thlaspi. Propoxycarbazone provides control for adequate weed spectrum, however, considerations of resistance management, difficult and diverse weed pressure, and extended growing seasons will sometimes necessitate the use of sequential herbicides or mix partners.

Prodolic acid is an indole derivative patented by American Home Products Corp. as antiinflammatory agent. Prodolic acid acts as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound and inhibits bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction but did not affects histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. In preclinical studies, Prodolic acid exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant arthritic rats.

Rolodine (BW 58-271) is a pyrrolopynimidine. This compound has been described in the 1960’s as a potent hypnotic agent and a skeletal muscle relaxant. Rolodine has a local anesthetic effect when applied to the isolated frog sciatic nerve and blocks spontaneous electrical activity (as measured by EEG) lasting for several minutes in cats. No information is available on current use of this central nervous system depressant.

Gallium-68 is a positron-emitting radioisotope that is produced from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. Gallium-68-labeled peptides have been recognized as a new class of radiopharmaceuticals showing fast target localization and blood clearance. Because of the convenient half-life of 68Ga and the fact that it is generator-produced and therefore more widely available, considerable interest lies in the development of 68Ga-labeled imaging agents. Dotatate gallium (Ga-68) is a somatostatin-2 receptor analog which is radiolabeled with gallium 68 as a positron-emitting radioisotope. Dotatate gallium 68 is one of the most prominent radiopharmaceuticals used in imaging with positron emission tomography. It binds to the somatostatin-2 receptor which is usually overexpressed in many neuroendocrine tumors in both adult and pediatric patients. Gallium-68 (Ga-68)-based tracers are easily available, relatively cost-effective, and have relative ease of labeling. Over the past few years, the development of Ga-68-based tracers has exploded with a recent growing interest in infection and inflammation imaging. An estimated ~10,000 scans are being performed yearly in Europe at about 100 centers utilizing 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs within clinical trials.

Nibroxane, 5-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitro-m-dioxane, is a topically effective antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum of activity. Nibroxane is unusual in that it not only possesses high microbiocidal activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus uureus) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria but also against yeasts (Candida albicans) and moulds (Aspergillus niger). In addition, the 5-bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxanes have, as a class of compounds, the distinct advantage of being chemically stable over a wide pH range. This inherent stability, coupled with its broad spectrum of microbiocidal activity, makes nibroxane an excellent candidate as a preservative for cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.