Niflumic acid belongs to the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and joint and muscular pain. Its mechanism of action is believed to be based on selective inhibition of cycloxygenases-2 that results in antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition to these effects on prostaglandin synthesis, it has been shown to act as a positive allosteric modulator on α1β2γ2 and as a negative modulator on α6β2 and α6β2γ2 (and α1β2) GABAA receptors. In addition, was reported, that niflumic acid blocked T-type calcium channels. It is available for clinical use in several European countries.

Oxametacin (1-p-chlorobenzoyl-2-methyl-5-methoxy-3-indolylacethydroxamic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound that exerts analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. This drug has been claimed to be effective in the treatment of acute attacks of gout. In the antiproliferative test, oxametacin exhibited leukemic cell lines selectivity against the solid tumor cell lines. Oxametacin also exhibited inhibitory activity toward histone deacetylases and thus could be used as a lead compound in the further development of histone deacetylase inhibitors for anticancer therapy.

Bucolome (Paramidine) is a barbiturate derivative. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is used in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism. It has been used as a uricosuric and/or anti-inflammatory agent in Japan since 1967. Bucolome acts as a CYP2C9 inhibitor and reduces the metabolism of several commonly used drugs, which makes it useful for potentiating or extending the duration of action of those drugs, or reducing the production of unwanted metabolites.

Bucetin [(3-hydroxy-p-butyrophenetidide) CAS: 1083-57-4) is a homologue to phenacetin and is used instead of phenacetin as an analgesic drug because of its lower toxicity than that of phenacetin, despite having equivalent analgesic activity when used at an appropriate dose. Dysplastic lesions of the proximal tubules were frequently seen in the males given bucetin in a dose-related fashion.

Flunoxaprofen is a chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is an arylalkanoic acid derivative. Flunoxaprofen inhibits leukotriene rather than prostaglandin synthesis. Its potency was comparable with that of indomethacin and higher than that of acetyl salicylic acid, ibuprofen or phenylbutazone. The analgesic activity of flunoxaprofen, evaluated by the hot plate method and tail pinching in mice, was slightly lower than that of indomethacin but higher than that of acetyl salicylic acid and ibuprofen. Its adverse reactions profile is similar to the profiles of other NSAIDs, including gastrointestinal disturbances. Flunoxaprofen was withdrawn from clinical use because of concerns of potential hepatotoxicity.

Clopirac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a weak inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase and has standard anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. It effectivity inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. The metabolites of clopirac in humans and monkeys include the glucuronide of clopirac and the pyrrole carboxylic acid. Efficacy of clopirac in rheumatoid arthritis, trauma conditions, osteoarthritis and pain was evaluated in many clinical trials.

Amixetrine is a drug that was formerly marketed in France but is now no longer sold. Amixetrine therapeutic functions are: aniinflammatory, anticholinergic, antidepressant, antispasmodic. The urinary metabolites of N-(2-phenyl-2-isoamyloxy) ethyl-pyrrolidine-hydrochloride (amixetrine) studied in man and in the dog demonstrated a comparable mode of transformation of the drugs for both species. In man, as in the dog, the principal metabolite coming from an omega-1-oxidation of the isoamyl chain corresponded to 2-phenyl-2-butoxy-(3-methyl-3-ol)ethyl-pyrrolidine.

Linsidomine (SIN-1, chemically 3-morpholinosydnonimin), is a vasodilator and antianginal drug. It is the direct hepatic metabolite of molsidomine. The dosage recommended by its manufacturer for its initial purpose, coronary angiography, is 0.4-1 mg. Contrary to molsidomine, which is widely used as an antianginal drug, linsidomine is used only for coronary angiography. The plasma half-life of Linsidomine is about 1 hour. Linsidomine is nonenzymatically metabolized to SIN-1A which spontaneously releases NO. NO, probably released directly from nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves in the penis, is believed to cause smooth muscle relaxation by stimulating the soluble form of guanylate cyclase leading to an increase of intracellular cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP) with subsequent smooth muscle relaxation. Linsidomine also hyperpolarizes the cell membrane, making the smooth muscle less susceptible to adrenergic stimulation. NO further interacts with platelets when released intraluminally causing an increase in cGMP that decreases platelet aggregation and adhesion

Zidometacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent structurally related to indomethacin that has been studied for osteoarthritis treatment. Pharmacological studies show its favorable activity/ulcerogenicity ratio in comparison to indomethacin. Preliminary clinical data indicate a good analgesic effect after a single dose and an improvement of functional conditions of the joint after short-term therapy. Zidometacin either as capsules or as suppositories showed a statistically significant influence on pain and functional indices in osteoarthritis patients. The side-effects reported by patients were dizziness and nausea with capsules and anal burning with suppositories.

Imidazole salicylate (also known as ITF-182), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits Tromboxane A2 synthesis, without interfering with cyclo-oxygenase pathway and possesses the limited inhibitory effects on prostaglandin synthesis. Imidazole salicylate can be used for the treatment of osteoarthrosis and musculoskeletal trauma. In addition, it can be given to patients with decompensated cirrhosis without risk of inhibiting kidney prostaglandin synthesis. Imidazole salicylate was characterized by good gastric tolerability and could be assigned for treatment of rheumatic diseases in the elderly. The drug also can be safely used in aspirin-sensitive patients.