2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole is a Standardized Chemical Allergen as labeled by US Food and Drug Administration. and can cause an allergic contact dermatitis.Its physiologic effect is by means of increased histamine release, and cell-mediated immunity. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) is a useful compound in the rubber industry as a vulcanization accelerator. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) was marketed to the rubber industry under the tradename Altax(TM) by the R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. and was originally developed for safe processing of rubber compounds cured at above 142° C. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) is widely used in compounds of all types for many major commercial applications. It may be carcinogenic for human. The mortality (1955-2005) and cancer morbidity experience (1971-2005) of a cohort of 363 male production workers exposed to MBT while employed at a chemical factory in north Wales showed a significant excess mortality for cancers of the large intestine.

N-monoacetylcystine is monoacetylated derivative of L-cystine, a covalently linked dimeric nonessential aminoacid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. N-monoacetylcystine is accumulated in the plasma of uraemic patients.

Dipyrithione is a pyrithione derivate used as bactericide and fungicide. The drug was marketed under the name Crimanex in the form of shampoo for the treatment of dandruff, however it is no longer available on the manufacturer website (Drossa Pharm).

Glutathione (GSH, also called as reduced glutathione) is a tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes such as, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins. Glutathione S-transferases catalyse the conjugation of GSH via a sulfhydryl group to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates in order to make the compounds more water-soluble. As a part of homeopathic product, glutathione is used for temporary relief of symptoms related to Free Radical Toxicity including tingling in hands and feet, mood changes, frequent colds, poor digestion, fatigue, and constipation. In addition, for temporary relief of pain in the back from urinating, constant urging and frequent urination, kidneys sensitive to pressure, and pain from back extending down the thigh. Glutathione is an important nutrient for brain function and loss of glutathione has been implicated in Parkinson's disease. In phase II of the clinical trial was investigated whether administration of either dose of glutathione, as a nasal spray, improves PD symptoms over time in a population of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition in phase II of clinical trial was shown, that reduced glutathione, an ingredient of RayGel™, has been helpful in decreasing some radiation therapy side effects to the skin. Reduced glutathione plays a vital role in both making DNA and cell repair. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited disease among the Caucasian population with considerable morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Glutathione (GSH) represents the first-line defence of the lung against oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Therapeutic approaches with inhaled GSH could improve the reduced lung antioxidant capacity in order to counterbalance the oxidant stress linked to the chronic airway inflammation and bacterial infection.

Pantethine, dimeric form of pantothenic acid, is a biologically active form of the B5 vitamin and an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A. It is available as a dietary supplement, and is used support the healthy blood-cholesterol profile. Pantethine has shown an ability to favorably impact a variety of risk factors in people with hypercholesterolemia, arteriosclerosis and diabetes. It is thought that pantethine, in conjunction with the intermediary cysteamine, inhibits acetyl-coenzyme (CoA) carboxylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, thereby affecting TG synthesis and lipoprotein metabolism. Pantethine increases CoA levels within the cells, which favorably modifies lipoprotein metabolism. The full mechanism of action of pantethine in lowering cholesterol levels is not fully understood. Since homocysteine is believed to contribute to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and is involved in the biosynthesis of CoA, it is possible that pantethine impacts homocysteine.

Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system. Somatostatin is produced in gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS) and some other organs. Somatostatin is initially secreted as a 116 amino acid precursor, preprosomatostatin, which undergoes endoproteolytic cleavage to prosomastatin. Prosomastatin is further process into two active forms, shorter isoform somatostatin-14 works primarily in the brain, while the longer somatostatin-28 (SST-28) form operates in the GI tract. Somatostatin produces predominantly neuroendocrine inhibitory effects across multiple systems. It is known to inhibit GI, endocrine, exocrine, pancreatic, and pituitary secretions, as well as modify neurotransmission and memory formation in the CNS. Somatostatin binds to six different receptors in various systems and cells throughout the body to produce its regulatory effect. These receptors are specific to somatostatin and classify as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Somatostatin half-life is between 1 to 3 minutes. Due to its short half-life, somatostatin has been formulated exogenously in much more stable forms with a longer half-life; this allows for its primary clinical use, which is the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.

Pentetic acid or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid consisting of a diethylenetriamine backbone with five carboxymethyl groups. The molecule can be viewed as an expanded version of EDTA and is used similarly. Pentetreotide is a modified DTPA attached to a peptide segment. Pentetreotide binds to somatostatin receptors on cell surfaces throughout the body. Indium 111 pentetreotide, is a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical.

Vapreotide (Sanvar) is cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin with higher metabolic stability than the parent hormone and developed by Debiopharm Group for the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhotic liver disease and AIDS-related diarrhea. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of vasodilatory peptides from the gastrointestinal tract, including glucagon, which has been shown to contribute to the maintenance of portal hypertension. While natural somatostatin has a very short half-life (3 min), the elimination half-life of vapreotide is reported to be approximately 10 times longer than that of its parent compound. Pharmacodynamic studies of healthy volunteers demonstrated suppression of gastric acid secretion and inhibition of the secretion of pancreatic enzyme, which is similar to somatostatin. Vapreotide has demonstrated efficacy in the early management of acute variceal hemorrhage but only based on combined primary endpoints of hemostasis and survival after 5 days. In addition, vapreotide’s efficacy is limited to only one major study performed in Europe and not yet in the United States. Although it did not show a significant reduction in mortality, vapreotide’s observed the effect on hemostasis, as well as its favorable safety profile. Adverse effects that occurred in the vapreotide trials were generally mild and primarily included gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations of the gastrointestinal hormonal system. Vapreotide not recommended for approval by an FDA Advisory Panel due to Insufficient evidence that the drug provided a benefit in the treatment for acute esophageal variceal bleeding.