Bithionol is a synthetic sulfanediyl-bis-dichlorphenol), potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders, formerly marketed as an active ingredient in various topical drug products. Bithionol has antibacterial and anthelmintic properties along with algaecide activity. Bithionol has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, Adenylate cyclase type 10 ), an intracellular enzyme important in the catalysis of ATP to cAMP. Bithionol is the first known sAC inhibitor to act through the bicarbonate binding site via a mostly allosteric mechanism. Bithionol is used for treatment of tapeworm infections of dogs, cats, and poultry and for tapeworm and rumen fluke infections of sheep, horses, cattle, and goats.

Trolamine, an organic compound, is the salt formed between triethanolamine and salicylic acid. It is widely used as a topical analgesic. 10% trolamine salicylate medical products sold over-the-counter such as are creams for temporarily relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with arthritis, simple backache, lumbago, neuralgia, strains, bruises, and sprains. The FDA approved in 1958 otic solution drops containing triethanolamine polypeptide used in the ear to break down and loosen earwax was discontinued. Trolamine can enhance skin healing by recruiting macrophages and modifying the concentrations of various immunomodulators. Trolamine (Biafine; Genmedix Ltd, France) is commonly prescribed at the beginning of radiotherapy for preventing acute radiation-induced skin toxicity in China. Biafine has been studied in radiodermatitis and Phase 2 clinical trial has been initiated in 2016 by Sun Yat-sen University to establish the efficacy of trolamine (Biafine) for the management of radiation dermatitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving IMRT.

Piperazine, a six membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, is of great significance to the rational design of drugs. This moiety can be found in a plethora of well-known drugs with various therapeutic uses, such as antipsychotic, antihistamine, antianginal, antidepressant, anticancer, antiviral, cardio protectors, anti-inflammatory, and imaging agents. Slight modification to the substitution pattern on the piperazine nucleus facilitates a recognizable difference in the medicinal potential of the resultant molecules. Piperazine has been used as an antihelmintic drug. Piperazine works by paralyzing the worms. They are then passed in the stool.

Tetraethylammonium is an experimental drug with no approved indication or marketed formulation. Tetraethylammonium blocks of apamin-sensitive and insensitive Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels. It is a weak agonist of the nicotinic receptor. Tetraethylammonium produces transient reductions in blood pressure. Tetraethylammonium hydroxide is used as a soluble source of hydroxide ions and in the synthesis of ionic organic compounds.

Thimerosal is organomercury antiseptic and antifungal agent, used as a preservative in vaccines, immuloglobulins, nasal sprays, contact lens solutions. In USA, European Union countries thiomersal is no longer used in childhood vaccines due to public fears, although the FDA review of 1999 foud no evidence of harm from the use of thimerosal as a vaccine preservative, other than local hypersensitivity reactions. Thimerosal was used as a component of topical antiseptic solution and antiseptic ointment for treating cuts, nasal sprays, eye solutions, vaginal spermicides, diaper rash treatments, but re-evaluation of the drug in 1980-s demonstrated ineffectiveness and toxicity in topical pharmaceutical products, and topical thimerosal was withdrawn from the market. The mechanism of action of thimerosal has not been fully elucidated. It is believed that thimerosal inhibits sulfhydryl-containing active site of various enzymes and binds to sulfhydryl compounds, such as glutathione, cysteine, and SH groups of protein. In addition, thimerosal activates the InsP3 calcium channel on endoplasmic reticular membrane, thereby triggering the release of calcium from intracellular stores resulting in a calcium-induced calcium-influx of extracellular calcium. Consequently, thimerosal may induce or inhibit cellular functions dependent on calcium signaling.

SODIUM GLYCOLATE, a sodium salt of carboxymethyl ether, is used as a pharmaceutical grade dissolution excipient for solid dosage forms. It absorbs water rapidly, resulting in swelling which leads to the rapid disintegration of tablets and capsules. Without a disintegrant, these may not dissolve appropriately and may effect the amount of active ingredient absorbed, thereby decreasing effectiveness.

Methapyrilene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the pyridine chemical class which was developed in the early 1950s. It was sold under the trade names Co-Pyronil and Histadyl EC. It has relatively strong sedative effects, to the extent that its primary use was as a medication for insomnia rather than for its antihistamine action. Together with scopolamine, it was the main ingredient in Sominex, Nytol, and Sleep-Eze. It also provided the sedative component of Excedrin PM. Manufacturers voluntarily withdrew methapyrilineb drug products from the market in May and June 1979, when methapyrilene was demonstrated to cause liver cancer in rats when given chronically.

Salicylamide is a non-prescription drug with analgesic and antipyretic properties (NSAID). It is used in combination with aspirin and caffeine in the over-the-counter pain remedies (such as EXAPRIN). Salicylamide can produce sedation and sleep in humans and animals. Has been used as model drug in pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies as a dophamine 2 receptor ligand. Salicylamide is a white or light pink crystals or powder. Organic compound it is a carboxamide derivative of salicylic acid.

OCTANOIC ACID (Caprylic acid) eight-carbon saturated fatty acid belongs to the class of mediumchain saturated fatty acids. OCTANOIC ACID found naturally in the milk of various mammals, and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Caprylic acid is an antimicrobial pesticide used as a food contact surface sanitizer in commercial food handling establishments on dairy equipment, food processing equipment, breweries, wineries, and beverage processing plants. It is also used as disinfectant in health care facilities, schools/colleges, animal care/veterinary facilities, industrial facilities, office buildings, recreational facilities, retail and wholesale establishments, livestock premises, restaurants, and hotels/motels. In addition, caprylic acid is used as an algaecide, bactericide, and fungicide in nurseries, greenhouses, garden centers, and interiorscapes on ornamentals. Products containing caprylic acid are formulated as soluble concentrate/liquids and ready-to-use liquids.

Benzethonium chloride, also known as hyamine, is a synthetic quaternary ammonium salt. It has surfactant, antiseptic, and anti-infective properties and it is used as a topical antimicrobial agent in first aid antiseptics. It is also found in cosmetics and toiletries such as mouthwashes, anti-itch ointments, and antibacterial moist towelettes. Benzethonium chloride exhibits a broad spectrum of microbiocidal activity against bacteria, fungi, mold and viruses. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifies that the safe and effective concentrations for benzethonium chloride are 0.1-0.2% in first aid products. Aqueous solutions of benzethonium chloride are not absorbed through the skin. It is not approved in the US or Europe for use as a food additive. Being a quaternary ammonium salt, it is more toxic than negatively charged surfactants. However, in a two-year study on rats, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity. Benzethonium chloride was characterized as a novel anticancer compound possessing both in vitro and in vivo efficacy justifying further investigation.