Zinc monocarbonate (Zinc Carbonate) is an inorganic salt. In the United States, Zinc Carbonate may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products. When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Zinc Carbonate. Zinc monocarbonate is generally recognized as safe by FDA. It is used as skin protectant active ingredient. Zinc carbonate was found to retard the degradation of some poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres in vivo and in vitro. Adding Zinc Carbonate is essential during the preparation of PLGA microspheres. It can remarkably improve the stability of drugs in the acid microenvironment inside PLGA microspheres.

Zinc monocarbonate (Zinc Carbonate) is an inorganic salt. In the United States, Zinc Carbonate may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products. When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Zinc Carbonate. Zinc monocarbonate is generally recognized as safe by FDA. It is used as skin protectant active ingredient. Zinc carbonate was found to retard the degradation of some poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres in vivo and in vitro. Adding Zinc Carbonate is essential during the preparation of PLGA microspheres. It can remarkably improve the stability of drugs in the acid microenvironment inside PLGA microspheres.

Potassium citrate is indicated for the management of renal tubular acidosis with calcium stones, hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology, uric acid lithiasis with or without calcium stones. WhenPotassium citrate is given orally, the metabolism of absorbed citrate produces an alkaline load. The induced alkaline load in turn increases urinary pH and raises urinary citrate by augmenting citrate clearance without measurably altering ultrafilterable serum citrate. Thus, potassium citrate therapy appears to increase urinary citrate principally by modifying the renal handling of citrate, rather than by increasing the filtered load of citrate. Potassium citrate is used as a food additive (E 332) to regulate acidity.

Anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid. It is used as a diluent in pharmaceutical industry, in some toothpastes as a polishing agent. Calcium phosphate is generally recognized as safe by FDA. Dibasic calcium phosphate is ised as a supplement to treat conditions associated with calcium deficit, such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia/rickets), decreased activity of the parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism), and a certain muscle disease (latent tetany)

Potassium citrate is indicated for the management of renal tubular acidosis with calcium stones, hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology, uric acid lithiasis with or without calcium stones. WhenPotassium citrate is given orally, the metabolism of absorbed citrate produces an alkaline load. The induced alkaline load in turn increases urinary pH and raises urinary citrate by augmenting citrate clearance without measurably altering ultrafilterable serum citrate. Thus, potassium citrate therapy appears to increase urinary citrate principally by modifying the renal handling of citrate, rather than by increasing the filtered load of citrate. Potassium citrate is used as a food additive (E 332) to regulate acidity.

Struvite, a crystalline substance first identified in the 18th century, is composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Struvite urinary stones are also known as ‘infection stones’, and account for 15%-20% of all urinary stones. Bacterial urease, usually from a Proteus species, is responsible for the chemical changes in urine which result in struvite formation.

Anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid. It is used as a diluent in pharmaceutical industry, in some toothpastes as a polishing agent. Calcium phosphate is generally recognized as safe by FDA. Dibasic calcium phosphate is ised as a supplement to treat conditions associated with calcium deficit, such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia/rickets), decreased activity of the parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism), and a certain muscle disease (latent tetany)

Potassium citrate is indicated for the management of renal tubular acidosis with calcium stones, hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology, uric acid lithiasis with or without calcium stones. WhenPotassium citrate is given orally, the metabolism of absorbed citrate produces an alkaline load. The induced alkaline load in turn increases urinary pH and raises urinary citrate by augmenting citrate clearance without measurably altering ultrafilterable serum citrate. Thus, potassium citrate therapy appears to increase urinary citrate principally by modifying the renal handling of citrate, rather than by increasing the filtered load of citrate. Potassium citrate is used as a food additive (E 332) to regulate acidity.

Ferric chloride is a compound used as a food additive, a haemostatic or treatment for hypochromic anaemia. Ferric chloride induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation and aggregation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. Iron i.v. ferric chloride (960 mg) has being shown to be effective in correcting anaemia in HD patients with iron deficiency.

Caffeine is a methylxanthine alkaloid found in the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to South America and East Asia that is structurally related to adenosine and acts primarily as an adenosine receptor antagonist with psychotropic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ingestion, caffeine binds to adenosine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), which inhibits adenosine binding. This inhibits the adenosine-mediated downregulation of CNS activity; thus, stimulating the activity of the medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain. The anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine are due the nonselective competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterases. Caffeine is used by mouth or rectally in combination with painkillers (such as aspirin and acetaminophen) and a chemical called ergotamine for treating migraineheadaches. It is also used with painkillers for simple headaches and preventing and treating headaches after epidural anesthesia. Caffeine creams are applied to the skin to reduce redness and itching in dermatitis. Healthcare providers sometimes give caffeine intravenously (by IV) for headache after epidural anesthesia, breathing problems in newborns, and to increase urine flow. In foods, caffeine is used as an ingredient in soft drinks, energy drinks, and other beverages.