Polaprezinc is a zinc-containing molecule and used for the therapy of gastric ulcer. It has been reported that this compound inhibits the induction of TNF-a as well as cellular signaling of TNF-a. Polaprezinc has been shown to exert an anti-oxidant property in a tube experiment and accelerate the healing of gastric ulcer in humans. Polaprezinc inhibited EtOH-induced cytochrome c reduction. Protection by polaprezinc was microscopically associated with the prevention of monolayer disruption. In an animal model of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis polaprezinc improves the recovery from 5-fluorouracil–induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Polaprezinc ameliorates mucosal ulceration in acetic acid-induced experimental oral mucositis in hamsters. Polaprezinc is potentially useful for prevention of oral mucositis and improvement of quality of life without reducing the tumor response. Polaprezinc is in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of taste disorders.

Orotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Historically it was believed to be part of the vitamin B complex and was called vitamin B13, but it is now known that it is not a vitamin and is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Orotic acid levels are elevated in the urea cycle defects ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, citrullinemia and argininosuccinic acidemia, as well as the mitochondrial transport disorder hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. Orotic acid is also elevated in hereditary orotic aciduria, or uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia and crystalluria. In addition, orotic acid in combination with leflunomide is in the phase II of clinical trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a combination in kidney transplant patients with high levels of Polyoma BK viruria for the purpose of preventing polyoma BK viremia and nephropathy, that could lead to kidney transplant loss from viral damage, acute rejection or both.

Shikimic acid (SA), an active metabolite of polyphenol-rich food intake, originally extracted from Illicium verum Hook. fil. is an indispensable starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug oseltamivir and others useful compounds. In the biological studies, SA has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and antibacterial activities. SA can play an important role in reducing platelet activation, aggregation related thrombus formation and biomarkers of thrombogenesis in sedentary individuals. In addition, was investigated antibacterial activity of SA against S. aureus, which could be caused by the interactions of SA with S. aureus membrane proteins and lipids, resulting in causing cell membrane dysfunction and bacterial damage or even death.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. Caffeic acid is naturally found in many agricultural products, such as fruit, vegetables, wine, olive oil, and coffee, and therefore, significantly present in human diet. Caffeic acid has been reported to have a wide variety of biological activities, including antioxidants, antithrombosis, antihypertensive, antifibrosis, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. Caffeic acid can be effectively employed as a natural antioxidant in various food products such as oils. Caffeic acid exhibits potent anticancer effect in HT-1080 cell line and that it may be used as an anticancer agent. Caffeic acid showed neuroprotective action against oxidative and DNA damage produced in the kindling epilepsy model, although they did not produce antiepileptogenic effect in vivo. Caffeic acid was effective in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Detected in clinical trial caffeic acid-related adverse events were: mild nausea and elevation of liver enzymes.

Sclareolide is a sesquiterpene lactone natural product derived from various plant sources including Salvia sclarea, Salvia yosgadensis, and cigar tobacco. Sclareolide demonstrated good antibacterial activity against common human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Sclareolide is not generally known for its bioactive properties. Instead, it is mostly used as a fixative or base in the perfume industry. It is also used in cosmetics, because it is thought to contribute to tanning of skin and/or darkening of hair.

Manganese is a mineral salt that is found in several foods including nuts, legumes, seeds, tea, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables. It is considered an essential nutrient, because the body requires it to function properly. Manganese is used for prevention and treatment of manganese deficiency, a condition in which the body doesn’t have enough manganese. It is also used for weak bones (osteoporosis), a type of “tired blood” (anemia), and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Manganese is sometimes included with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride in multi-ingredient products promoted for osteoarthritis.

Cinnamic acid is a polyphenol found in cinnamon oil and used in commercial flavorings. Recent studies have shown the pharmacological properties of cinnamic acid and its derivatives, including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. In preclinical studies cinnamic acid demonstrated to be a promising candidate for the treatment ob obesity and diabetes. The mechanism of action of cinnamic acid in obesity is explained by its ability to inhibit lipases and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). However, there are several hypotesis regarding the effect of cinnamic acid in diabetes: cinnamic acid enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion, prevents palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity, inhibits palmitic acid-induced alteration of lipogenic gene and protein expression (AMPK, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC), inhibits DPP IV, exhibits an additive effect on the uptake of glucose, stimulates adiponectin secretion, etc.

Uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has proven and emerging roles in human disease. Humans produce large quantities of uric acid. Excess serum accumulation of uric acid can lead to a type of arthritis known as gout. Hyperuricemia may increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High serum uric acid was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other diseases.

Raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one; RK) is a major aromatic compound of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement. The FDA classified it as GRAS (Generally Recognized as safe) food additives during the 1960s. The structure of RK is similar to the structures of capsaicin and synephrine, compounds known to exert anti-obese actions and alter the lipid metabolism. It was shown, that RK also decreased the weights and hepatic triacylglycerol content in rodents after they had been increased by a high-fat diet. Recently was discovered, that RK may exert anti-adipogenic effects through modulation of the HO-1/Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Investigations of raspberry ketone in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models indicated potential cardiotoxic effects and potential effects on reproduction/development. Taking into account the high intake via supplements, the compound's toxic potential should be clarified with further experimental studies. In UK the pure compound is regarded as novel food requiring authorisation prior to marketing but raspberry ketone is not withdrawn from Internet sites from this country.