Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that contributes to the taste of many sour or tart foods such as apples. Sodium Malate is the sodium salt of Malic Acid. Malic Acid and Sodium Malate can be found in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products. Sodium Malate functions as a skin conditioning agent-humectant. As a food additive, Sodium Malate has the E number E350. Sodium Malate has demonstrated protective effect on cisplatin-induced toxicity in mice. Sodium malate could become a useful agent for the reduction of CDDP-induced toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.

Chlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a biocide and preservative in cosmetics. In Europe, the maximum authorized concentration allowed for Chlorophene is 0.2%. The glucuronic acid conjugate, the sulfate ester conjugate, and two other minor metabolites of Chlorophene were profiled in rat urine during pharmacokinetic tests. Chlorophene is incompletely absorbed through rat skin. In several anumal species these chemicals exhibited low oral toxicity. Some evidence of toxicity was found in short-term oral toxicity studies in mice and rats with nephropathy as the principal finding. Rats and mice dosed with Chlorophene for 2 years had a dose-related and sex-related increase in the severity of nephropathy. In another set of animal tests Chlorophene was found to be an ocular irritant. There was no readily available inhalation profile for Chlorophene. Chlorophene was severely irritating to rabbits in most dermal irritation studies. Chlorophene was found to be mutagenic in four in-vitro mammalian test systems. However, neoplasms were not observed in rats treated with Chlorophene for 2 years but, in mice treated similarly a significant incidence of neoplasms was observed. A 1-year National Toxicology Program (NTP) study concluded that Chlorophene was a cutaneous irritant and a weak skin tumor promoter but had no activity as an initiator or complete carcinogen. Some reactions to Chlorophene occurred in some, but not all, clinical dermal sensitization tests.

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide. It is a white crystalline solid commonly sold under the brand name Sevin, a trademark of the Bayer Company.Union Carbide discovered carbaryl and introduced it commercially in 1958. Bayer purchased Aventis CropScience in 2002, a company that included Union Carbide pesticide operations. It remains the third-most-used insecticide in the United States for home gardens, commercial agriculture, and forestry and rangeland protection. As a veterinary drug, it is known as carbaril. Carbaryl is an anticholinesterase inhibitor. It is indicated for the treatment of head and pubic lice. It is available as a lotion (Carylderm) and a shampoo (Carylderm; New Suleo; Derbac). Carbaryl was developed because lice began to show resistance to organochlorine insecticides such as DDT and gamma benzene hexachloride (Quellada; Lorexane). It was introduced in the late 1960s particularly for the control of head lice; it is less effective against mites, and not recommended for scabies.

Tetramethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid based on the natural counterpart found in chrysanthemum flowers but more stable and longer lasting. Amongst one of the most widely used insecticides, Tetramethrin is a fast acting neurotoxin used against most flying and crawling insects. It is often used in combination with other active ingredients to create a multi-action pesticide. Tetramethrin was found to inhibit various ABC and SLC drug transporters, including multidrug resistance-associated protein(MRP) 2, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and OCT2.

Ronnel [0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphate pesticide with growth-promoting properties. It was used to prevent and cure the parasitic in veterinary medicine. Biocidal (toxic to all animal life in differing degrees) by its action as a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Dichlorvos is a synthetic organic chemical used as an insecticide. Dichlorvos does not occur naturally in the environment, but is manufactured by industry. Dichlorvos is sold under many trade names including Vapona®, Atgard®, Nuvan®, and Task®. It is also used as an insecticide for slow release on pest-strips for pest control in homes.  Dichlorvos is used as an anthelmintic (worming agent) for dogs, swine, and horses, as a botacide (agent that kills fly larvae) for horses, and in flea collars for dogs. In 1995, EPA proposed cancellation of dichlorvos for all home uses, and for many commercial and industrial uses.

Dimethenamid-P belongs to the chloroacetamide family of compounds, and is a pre-emergent herbicide. Dimethenamid-P is used for control of some grasses and broadleaved weeds used mainly beans, maize, poppies and pumpkins. It acts through inhibition of cell division. Dimethenamid-P is the more biologically active isomer of chiral dimethenamid and is used at lower rates. Dimethenamid-P is the (S)-enantiomer of 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-N-[(2S)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]acetamide. It is the active enantiomer of dimethenamid, a herbicide applied to the soil to control various broad-leaved weeds and grasses. It has a role as a herbicide, an agrochemical and an antimitotic. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-dimethenamid.

8-Hydroxyquinoline is is a heterocyclic phenol, exhibiting antiseptic, disinfectant and pesticide properties. It is used to prevent and treat vaginal bacterial infections, but the efficacy was not proven in clinical trial. 8-Hydroxyquinoline is used in over-the-counter remedies for diaper rash and oral health care. Its use for veterinary treatment of bacterial an skin infections is not approved by FDA. 8-Hydroxyquinoline acts by inhibition of RNA synthesis and DNA replication by chelating the dissociable cations Mn2 and Mg2 .

(R)-3'-hydroxybutyl (R)-3'-hydroxybutyrate or D-β-hydroxybutyrate ester is a is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body. Ketone bodies are the most energy-efficient fuel and yield more ATP per mole of substrate than pyruvate and increase the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Ketone diet containing (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, improved physical performance and cognitive function in rats, and its energy-sparing properties suggest that it may help to treat a range of human conditions with metabolic abnormalities. It may be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of, neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia. It has been approved by the FDA as “Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)”.

Pyriproxyfen is a broad-spectrum insect growth regulator with insecticidal activity against public health insect pests: houseflies, mosquitoes and cockroaches. In agriculture and horticulture, pyriproxyfen has registered uses for the control of scale, whitefly, bollworm, jassids, aphids and cutworms. Pyriproxyfen is used on citrus fruit in Israel, South Africa, Spain and Italy. Pyriproxyfen is one of several insecticides used for the control of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in California, USA. Pyriproxyfen has also been considered by WHO for vector control under its Pesticides Evaluation Scheme. It is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1-day-old eggs in 0.1 mg litre−1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Pyriproxyfen is registered in the U.S. for flea and tick control in the home and on pets, as well as indoor and outdoor ant and roach control. Formulas include carpet powders, foggers, aerosols, shampoos, bait, and pet collars.