Selodenoson (formerly DTI-0009) was developed by Aderis Pharmaceutical as a selective adenosine A1 full agonist to control heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation while minimizing changes in blood pressure or decreases in heart function. The drug was studied in phase II clinical trial to treat the patients with supraventricular arrhythmias, however, this study was discontinued.

Ciprafamide is an aminoacetyl derivative invented by Zambon S.p.A. in 1971. The drug is claimed to possess anticonvulsant and anti-cardiac arrhythmias activity.

Tipropidil designed for the treatment of cerebral and peripheral vascular diseases. Tipropidil has been investigated because of its expected antihyperviscosity properties. The increase in plasma free fatty acid levels and decrease in lipolytic response were found to be dependent on the amount of Tipropidil administered. Addition of Tipropidil to the in vitro lipolysis system inhibited norepinephrine- and theophylline-induced fatty acid release in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest a potent inhibitory action for Tipropidyl on fatty acid mobilization in rat adipose tissue.

Eniporide belongs to the new class of drugs that specifically inhibit the Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE-1) isoform, which is the predominant isoform in the cardiac myocytes. Extensive preclinical studies, in vitro and in animals, have suggested that NHE inhibition with eniporide before the onset of ischemia is a very effective and reproducible means of limiting the extent of infarction and that this agent provides protective benefit even when given just before reperfusion. Eniporide had been in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Administration of the eniporide, before reperfusion therapy in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, did not limit infarct size or improve clinical outcome.

Apadenoson (BMS-068645) is a selective adenosine 2A agonist that contains a methyl ester group which undergoes esterase hydrolysis to its acid metabolite. Apadenoson had been in phase III clinical trials by Forest (now a part of Allergan) for the treatment of coronary artery disease. However, this study has been terminated.

Emopamil is a phenylalkylamine calcium antagonist. Emopamil has optically active stereoisomers. Emopamil enhanced the postischemic restoration of high-energy phosphate levels. The racemic mixture and the (-)-enantiomer of emopamil caused similar metabolic changes while (+)-enantiomer of emopamil proved to be ineffective. Emopamil is able to reverse multi-drug resistance in human KB cell lines. No differences in reversing potency were observed between emopamil (R)-isomers, (L)-isomers and the racemic form. There is a pharmacological relationship between sigma1-binding site and the mammalian sterol C8-C7 isomerase which is identical with the emopamil binding protein.

Dazolicine is an anti-arrhythmic compound, developed by the German company Roechlingsche Eisen & Stahl. In patients with various types of arrhythmia, after i.v. injection the drug proved to have very strong antiarrhythmic potency and rather a low incidence of side effects. After oral treatment, ectopic beats were eliminated in only 4 of 10 patients.

Sarakalim (previously known as RS 91309) was developed by Roche Bioscience as a putative ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel opener. Sarakalim was studied for the treatment of asthma, However, this study was discontinued.

Milfasartan is an inhibitor of angiotensin II receptor type 1 was used in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of hypertension. However, these studies were discontinued.