Cefodizime is a third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Administered intravenously or intramuscularly 1 to 4 g of cefodizime daily for an average of 7 to 10 days produces a clinical cure in 80 to 100% of patients (adults, elderly or children) with upper or lower respiratory tract infections or urinary tract infections. In comparative trials cefodizime was as effective as other third generation cephalosporins. A single dose of cefodizime (1 or 2 g) is also useful in treating lower urinary tract infections. Urogenital gonorrhoea, whether caused by beta-lactamase producing or non-beta-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is very effectively treated by single dose therapy with intramuscular cefodizime. Preliminary data from a small number of patients indicates that cefodizime may also be useful in the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis and gynaecological infections, and for the prophylaxis or treatment of surgical infections. The clinical efficacy of cefodizime compared to other third generation cephalosporins is superior to that predicted from in vitro results. This superior activity of cefodizime may be related to the relatively long elimination half-life of the drug or its ability to modify some functions of the immune system--a potentially important finding awaiting further investigation. Cefodizime is well tolerated and has a tolerability profile similar to other members of its class with systemic adverse events being primarily gastrointestinal or dermatological. Cefodizime may be more convenient to administer than some other agents of its class as it may be given once or twice daily. While there are no trials comparing cefodizime to other third generation cephalosporins in immunosuppressed populations, preliminary information indicates cefodizime may be useful in this group. Cefodizime targets penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1A/B, 2, and 3 resulting in the eventual death of the bacterial cell. In vivo experimental models of infection showed that bacterial clearance by this drug is at least as effective compared with other 3rd generation cephalosporins. It has a similar adverse effect profile to other 3rd generation cephalosporins which is mainly being limited to gastrointestinal or dermatological side effects. It is not currently approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Fenticonazole is an imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It is used as a nitrate salt under different trade names (Lomexin, Gynoxin, Fentizol, etc) for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Fenticonazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, an important step in the formation of the wall of fungi and blocks the oxidizing enzymes with the corresponding accumulation of peroxides and necrosis of the fungal cell. In vitro studies have shown a broad fungistatic and fungicidal activity. Like other azole agents, the spectrum of action of Fenticonazole also extends to some gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo studies have also shown activity against Trichomonas Vaginalis.

Tetradonium is a cationic germicidal detergent, often used in disinfectant and deodorant compositions.

Acedia Sulfone, an antimicrobial drug that is a prodrug of dapsone, which is used to treat leprosy.

Oxantel is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic effective against whipworms in dogs and cats. It is ineffective against other roundworms, flukes, tapeworms or external parasites. Oxantel acts on the nervous system of the worms as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Oxantel, a cholinergic anthelmintic and fumarate reductase inhibitor, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by P. gingivalis and disrupted established biofilms at concentrations below its MIC against planktonic cells. Oxantel was more effective against P. gingivalis in biofilm than metronidazole, a commonly used antibiotic for periodontitis. When oxantel was administrated to human beings for the treatment of trichuriasis, no drug reaction or side effects were reported, and the results of hematologic, biochemical and urinary examinations didn’t reveal any significant drug-related changes.

Garenoxacin is an antibacterial agent active against a range of aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It exerts its action by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. The drug was withdrawn from the market in Europe and was never approved in the USA. Garenoxacin is still marketed in Japan under the name Geninax.

Bekanamycin is an aminoglycoside and is a congener of kanamycin. It is given topically as the sulfate for the treatment of eye infections. It is reported to be more toxic than kanamycin A. Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus Okami & Umezawa from Japanese soil. There are no known interactions with other drugs.

Josamycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus. Macrolides are inhibitors of protein synthesis. They impair the elongation cycle of the peptidyl chain by specifically binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Josamycin has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. It is similar to erythromycin, but does not induce macrolide resistance in staphylococci and appears to have a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. Josamycin is under investigation in US.

Fosfonet sodium (or phosphonoacetate sodium), an organophosphorus compound, was found to be a specific inhibitor of the virus-induced DNA polymerases and thus could inhibit specifically the replication of herpes-viruses.

Carumonam is a monobactam antibacterial agent. It was highly active in vitro against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae and weakly active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it was not active against Staphylococcus aureus. The excellent activity of carumonam against Gram-negative bacteria is related to its high affinity for their penicillin-binding proteins. It is indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections, chronic respiratory infections, biliary tract infections, peritonitis, sepsis. Another factor that contributes to the excellent activity of carumonam against Gram-negative bacteria is its resistance to beta-lactamases. Adverse effects of the carumonam were limited to phlebitis at the intravenous infusion site; bloody diarrhea.