Inositol is a vitamin-like substance. It is found in many plants and animals. It is produced by the human body from glucose, it is not an essential nutrient. Inositol and some of its mono- and polyphosphates function as the basis for a number of signaling and secondary messenger molecules. Inositol is used for diabetic nerve pain, panic disorder, high cholesterol, insomnia, cancer, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, promoting hair growth, a skin disorder called psoriasis, and treating side effects of medical treatment with lithium. Inositol is also used by mouth for treating conditions associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, including failure to ovulate; high blood pressure; high triglycerides; and high levels of testosterone. Inositol is possibly safe for most adults. It can cause nausea, tiredness, headache, and dizziness.

Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties. Isometheptene's vasoconstricting properties arise through activation of the sympathetic nervous system via epinephrine and norepinephrine. These compounds elicit smooth muscle activation leading to vasoconstriction by interacting with cell surface adrenergic receptors.

Alverine is a smooth muscle relaxant used for the treatment irritable bowel syndrome. Alverine may increase calcium influx during action potentials due to inhibition of the inactivation of L-type calcium channels, but may also suppress evoked activity by inhibiting the sensitivity of contractile proteins to calcium.

Phthalylsulfathiazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Phthalylsulfathiazole is an effective remedy in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea and other intestinal fluxes. It inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase activity of bacteria. In veterinary, it is used for the treatment of diarrhea and enteritis of the calves, dysentery in sheep, gastroenteritis in foals and adult equines, enteritis caused by food poisoning. Phthalylsulfathiazole is only slightly absorbed from the gut, about 5 percent of the quantity ingested being eliminated in the urine. Consequently, it produces little or no systemic effects with virtually no risk of crystalluria, haematuria or oliguria. In hyper-susceptible people, it may cause gastrointestinal side effects, like nausea, vomiting, etc.

Sulfaguanidine is used to treat the gastrointestinal infections particularly bacillary dysentery. Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide antibiotic that blocks the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase in bacteria. Sulfonamides are active against Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria.

Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) is a synthetic vitamin D analog activated in the liver that does not require renal hydroxylation like vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Dihydrotachysterol is used to treat hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and prevention of tetany. Dihydrotachysterol is hydroxylated in the liver to 25-hydroxy-dihydrotachysterol, which is the major circulating active form of the drug. Once hydroxylated to 25-hydroxy-dihydrotachysterol, the modified drug binds to the vitamin D receptor. The bound form of the vitamin D receptor serves as a transcriptional regulator of bone matrix proteins, inducing the expression of osteocalcin and suppressing synthesis of type I collagen. Dihydrotachysterol also increases renal phosphate excretion.

Glutamic acid is a non-essential aminoacid used in biosynthesis of proteins. Besides being a building block of proteins, glutamic acid plays a principal role in neural activation. Glutamate is also responsible for the umami (savory) flavor of certain foods. In medicine, glutamate is used as a metabolic supplemnet in patients undergoing coronary surgery.

Adrenalone is a keton form of the natural substrate epinephrine. Adrenalone is evidently formed in vivo by hydrolytic cleavage of the diester by esterases. It is an adrenergic receptor agonist. Adrenalone inhibits the norepinephrine synthesis and dopamine beta oxidase. It is known to have very weak sympathomimetic activity when compared to adrenaline. Adrenalone has the high radioprotective effect. It is a topical nasal decongestant. Adrenalone has hemostatic, sympathomimetic and vasoconstrictor therapeutic functions.

Direct reduced iron is an alternative iron source produced by heating an iron ore. In nature, most of the iron has an oxidized form.