Avenanthramides are a group of phenolic alkaloids found mainly in oats, but also in butterfly eggs (Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae), and fungal infected carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Avenanthramides demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities. Avenanthramide is considered the active component in a number of skin care products based on colloidal oatmeal; a traditional treatment which was approved by the FDA in 2003. Dietary supplementation with foods enriched in Avenantramides has been studied for the potential to reduce systemic inflammation. Avenanthramides have also been studied in cell models for osteoporosis and cancer.

Silymarin, a plant-derived flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, is considered the most potential drug to treat almost all kind of liver diseases, particularly alcoholic liver disease, acute and chronic viral hepatitis and toxins-mediated liver dysfunctions. The main component of the silymarin complex is silybin, synonymous with silibinin, sometimes incorrectly called silybinin, which is a mixture of two diastereomers A and B in approximately 1:1 proportion. The drug possess hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. The hepatoprotective effect is due to stimulation of synthesis of structural and functional proteins and phospholipids, as well as acceleration of the regeneration of hepatocytes. Antioxidant effect is determined by interaction of bioflavones with free radicals in the liver and its detoxication. In such manner the process of peroxidation of the lipids is interrupted and further liver destruction is prevented. Side effect is a mild laxative effect has occasionally been observed.

Sennoside B is a member of the class of sennosides that used as the laxative. Sennosides are used all over the world as a treatment for constipation. Sennosides are hydroxyanthracene glycosides derived from Senna leaves. The phytoconstituents principally responsible for its characteristic action are two anthraquinone glycosides namely; Sennoside A and Sennoside B. Sennoside A and B together are responsible for up to 40 – 60% activity of crude senna. They have identical molecular weights and formulae and are in fact diastereomers with the same substituent (H) located in opposite directions. Sennoside B has reported that it has inhibitory effects on PDGF receptor signaling and cell proliferation induced by PDGF-BB in human osteosarcoma cells.

Huperzine A is a plant alkaloid derived from Club moss plant, Huperzine serrata, which is a member or the Lycopodium species. Huperzine-A is in phase III clinical trial in the USA (Alzheimer disease) and is available as a dietary supplement. It selectively and reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Huperzine A is also a NMDA receptor antagonist, which protects the brain against glutamate induced damage, and it increases nerve growth factor levels. Huperzine A is used for Alzheimer's disease, memory and learning enhancement, and age-related memory impairment. It is also used for treating a muscle disease called myasthenia gravis, for increasing alertness and energy, and for protecting against agents that damage the nerves such as nerve gases. It can cause some side effects including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, blurred vision, slurred speech, restlessness, loss of appetite, contraction and twitching of muscle fibers, cramping, increased saliva and urine, inability to control urination, high blood pressure, and slowed heart rate. Various medications used for glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions (Cholinergic drugs) interacts with Huperzine A.

Tulathromycin A is a triamilide antibiotic. Exists as an equilibrium mixture of two isomeric forms, Tulathromycin A (90%) and B (10%). It acts by binding to a bacterial ribosome sub-unit thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Tulathromycin mixture is indicated for the treatment of bovine and swine respiratory disease, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, bovine foot rot (interdigital necrobacillosis). In one bovine respiratory disease field study, two calves treated with DRAXXIN (Tulathromycin mixture) exhibited transient hypersalivation. In one field study, one out of 40 pigs treated with DRAXXIN exhibited mild salivation that resolved in less than four hours. Cross resistance occurs with other macrolides. Do not administer simultaneously with antimicrobials with a similar mode of action such as other macrolides or lincosamides.

Linear gramicidin is a hydrophobic antibiotic polypeptide composed of 15 hydrophobic amino acids in D- and L-alternate conformers with the following sequence: formyl-L-X-gly-L-ala-D-leu-L-ala-D-val-L-val-D-val-L-trp-D-leu-Ltrp-D-leu-L-trp-D-leu-L-trp-ethanolamine where X represents either valine or isoleucine. Whether amino acid 11 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, gramicidins are called A, B, or C, respectively. A mixture of three pairs of antibacterial substances (Gramicidin A, B, and C) is also called Gramicidin D and is produced by the growth of Bacillus brevis Dubos (Fam. Bacillaceae). Gramicidin is bactericidal for a variety of gram-positive organisms. It increases the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane to inorganic cations by forming a network of channels through the normal lipid bilayer of the membrane. Gramicidin is used in the combination with neomycin sulfate and polymyxin B sulfate (NEOSPORIN®) for the topical treatment of superficial infections of the external eye and its adnexa caused by susceptible bacteria.

Sennoside A, derived from the traditional chinese medicine plant Rheum L., has being shown to be a dual HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication. Sennoside A is a kind of irritant laxative. It is also used for colonoscopy preparation. It mildly inhibits bovine serum monoamine oxidase with IC50 of 17uM.

Xantofyl palmitate (brand name Adaptinol) is an approved drug for retinitis pigmentosa in Japan since August 1956. Adaptinol promotes aerobic metabolism of the retina to expand visual field or delay the development of narrowing of visual field. It also acts on the retina to improve vision in the dark. It is usually used to transiently improve visual field and dark adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous essential cofactor that plays a central role in the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids, as well as carbohydrate and protein. In the metabolic pathway of lipid, CoA participates in fatty acid β-oxidation, promoting triglyceride (TG) catabolism. Coenzyme A functions as an acyl group carrier and assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester, such as acetyl-CoA) as a substrate. Coenzyme A is the most active metabolic enzyme in the human body. It is used as a supplement for the hypothetical treatment of acne.

Spinosad is a natural mixture of pediculicidal tetracyclic macrolides—spinosyn A and spinosyn D in the ratio of 5:1. It is derived from species of actinomycetes bacteria - Saccharopolyspora spinosa and is a bacterial waste product produced by fermentation on a nutrient food source. It has since long been used as a pesticide and classified by the US Environment Protection Agency as a reduced risk pesticide product. Spinosad has a high level of efficacy for lepidopteran larvae, as well as some Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera, but has limited to no activity to other insects and exhibits low toxicity to mammals and other wildlife. Spinosad overstimulates nerve cells by prolonging electrical impulse across synapses by acting like acetylcholine. After periods of hyperexcitation, lice become paralyzed and die. Recently, FDA has approved the topical suspension of spinosad 0.9% for treatment of head lice infestation in patients four years of age and older. It is both pediculicidal and ovicidal.