Cetiedil is effective potassium channel blocker used as a peripheral vasodilator to treat patients with painful crises in sickle cell anemia and pain in the extremities caused by an arterial disease. Known pharmacological properties of the drug include vascular smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with the consequent increase in circulating cyclic AMP concentration, blockade of the effect of bradykinin and serotonin, analgesia, inhibition of platelet aggregation and the decrease of plasma and blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen level. The antisickling effect of cetiedil is explained mainly in the light of the changes it induces in the activities of membrane-bound ATPases and the permeability properties of the erythrocyte membrane to cations and anions.

Mitiglinide is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes currently marked under tradename Glufast. Glufast® is available as the tablet for oral use, containing 5 mg or 10 mg of Mitiglinide calcium hydrate. The recommended dose is 10 mg three times daily just before each meal (within 5 minutes). Mitiglinide was approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on January 29, 2004, and is currently co-marketed in Japan by Kissei and Takeda. Mitiglinide is a rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agent, its belongs to the meglitinide (glinide) class of blood glucose-lowering drugs. Mitiglinide is thought to stimulate insulin secretion by closing the ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in pancreatic beta-cells.

Perisoxal citrate is a basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.

Mazaticol is an anti-acetylcholine agent used in Japan for the treatment of Parkinson's syndrome.

Methylephedrine is one of the ephedra alkaloids that is found in varying amounts in different species of the plant genus Ephedra. Methylephedrine is a popular antitussive, bronchodilator, analgesic, antipyretic, and widely used mixed with other drugs in preparations for treatment of the common cold. N-Methylephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers are in FDA list of Exempt chemical mixtures.

Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. dihydromorphine is a moderately strong analgesic and is used clinically in the treatment of pain and is also the active metabolite of dihydrocodeine. Dihydromorphine acts as an agonist at the μ-opioid (mu), δ-opioid (delta) and κ-opioid (kappa) receptors. Dihydromorphone is approved for clinical use in the United States, Europe, and Japan; and sold under the brand name Dilaudid. Similar to morphine, and other morphine derivatives, hydromorphone has a high potential for addiction and abuse and is listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (and similarly regulated in other countries).

Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. dihydromorphine is a moderately strong analgesic and is used clinically in the treatment of pain and is also the active metabolite of dihydrocodeine. Dihydromorphine acts as an agonist at the μ-opioid (mu), δ-opioid (delta) and κ-opioid (kappa) receptors. Dihydromorphone is approved for clinical use in the United States, Europe, and Japan; and sold under the brand name Dilaudid. Similar to morphine, and other morphine derivatives, hydromorphone has a high potential for addiction and abuse and is listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (and similarly regulated in other countries).

Dexibuprofen, S(+)-ibuprofen, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and active dextrorotatory enantiomer of ibuprofen. Pharmacotherapeutic effects of dexibuprofen are more potent with lesser side effects than that of the racemic mixture of both isomers. In the acute and chronic treatment of osteoarthritis, it exhibits equivalent efficacy and tolerability as that of celecoxib. Dexibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), which is an enzyme involved in prostaglandin (mediators of pain and fever) and thromboxane (stimulators of blood clotting) synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Dexibuprofen is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor and hence, it inhibits the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. The inhibition of COX-2 activity decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever, and swelling while the inhibition of COX-1 is thought to cause some of the side effects of Dexibuprofen including GI ulceration. The major disadvantage of dexibuprofen is its low bioavailability, the account of its low solubility in physiological media.

Cetiedil is effective potassium channel blocker used as a peripheral vasodilator to treat patients with painful crises in sickle cell anemia and pain in the extremities caused by an arterial disease. Known pharmacological properties of the drug include vascular smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with the consequent increase in circulating cyclic AMP concentration, blockade of the effect of bradykinin and serotonin, analgesia, inhibition of platelet aggregation and the decrease of plasma and blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen level. The antisickling effect of cetiedil is explained mainly in the light of the changes it induces in the activities of membrane-bound ATPases and the permeability properties of the erythrocyte membrane to cations and anions.

Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.