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Restrict the search for
dexamethasone acetate
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2023)
Source:
ANDA214950
(2023)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Since its discovery as component of the tea leaf by Albert Kossel in 1888, the history of theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) has been a long and successful one. At the turn of the century, theophylline became less expensive due to chemical synthesis and was primarily used as diuretic in subsequent years. It was Samuel Hirsch who discovered the bronchospasmolytic effect of theophylline in 1992, however, despite this pioneering discovery theophylline continued to be used primarily as diuretic and cardiac remedy. The molecular mechanism of bronchodilatation is inhibition of phosphodiesterase(PDE)3 and PDE4, but the anti-inflammatory effect may be due to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activation, resulting in switching off of activated inflammatory genes.
Theophylline is indicated for the treatment of acute exacerbations of the symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction associated with asthma and other chronic lung diseases, e.g., emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1984)
Source:
ANDA088638
(1984)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Acetic acid (a component of vinagre) is used in medicine for the treatment of otitis externa caused by bacterial infections. The solution containing acetic acid was approved by FDA.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2021)
Source:
ANDA214864
(2021)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1880
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Betaine is a methyl derivative of glycine first isolated from the juice of sugar beets. Betaine is found in many common foods, but concentrated significantly in beets, spinach, wheat foods, and shellfish. In addition, betaine can be synthesized within the human body. Betaine participates in the methionine cycle, which produces vital biomolecules including proteins, hormones, phospholipids, polyamines, and nutrients. Betaine is used as a dietary supplement and has a beneficial effect on the human health. In the USA, FDA approved a betaine-containing drug Cystadane for the treatment of homocystinuria. The drug acts as a methyl group donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2013)
Source:
NDA204223
(2013)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1827
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Morphine is one of the most important and widely used opioid for the treatment of chronic and acute pain: the very wide interindividual variability in the patients’ response to the drug may have genetic derivations. Sulphate salt of morphine sold under the many brand names, one of them, DURAMORPH, which is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require use of an opioid analgesic by intravenous administration, and for which alternative treatments are not expected to be adequate. In addition for the epidural or intrathecal management of pain without attendant loss of motor, sensory, or sympathetic function. Morphine is a full opioid agonist and is relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can bind to other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of morphine is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with morphine. The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug. Morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse. Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast-feeding, as morphine will affect the baby.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2018)
Source:
NDA207987
(2018)
Source URL:
First marketed in 0652
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Alcohols exhibit rapid broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria), viruses, and fungi but are not sporicidal. They are, however, known to inhibit sporulation and spore germination, but this effect is reversible. Because of the lack of sporicidal activity, alcohols are not recommended for sterilization but are widely used for both hard-surface disinfection and skin antisepsis. Lower concentrations may also be used as preservatives and to potentiate the activity of other biocides. Many alcohol products include low levels of other biocides (in particular chlorhexidine), which remain on the skin following evaporation of the alcohol, or excipients (including emollients), which decrease the evaporation time of the alcohol and can significantly increase product efficacy. Ethanol in combination with: chlorhexidine gluconate 1% was approved to use in surgical hand antiseptic. It significantly reduces the number of microorganisms on the hands and forearms prior to surgery or patient care. Ethanol is also used as a co-solvent to dissolve many insoluble drugs and to serve as a mild sedative in some medicinal formulations. Ethanol is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Ethanol affects the brain’s neurons in several ways. It alters their membranes as well as their ion channels, enzymes, and receptors. Alcohol also binds directly to the receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, and the NMDA receptors for glutamate. The sedative effects of ethanol are mediated through binding to GABA receptors and glycine receptors (alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits). It also inhibits NMDA receptor functioning. In its role as an anti-infective, ethanol acts as an osmolyte or dehydrating agent that disrupts the osmotic balance across cell membranes.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.16(g) cough/cold:bronchodilator racepinephrine hydrochloride
Source URL:
First approved in 2000
Source:
M012
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Racepinephrine or racemic epinephrine is a mixture of levo and dextro isomers of epinephrine act as a nonselective agonist at adrenergic receptors. It is a bronchodilator used in the temporary relief of mild symptoms of intermittent asthma including wheezing, shortness of breath. Inhaled racepinephrine became available in September 2012 as a nonprescription treatment for bronchospasm based on a 1986 US Food and Drug Administration rule. Besides, racemic epinephrine relieves respiratory distress in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis and is safe but does not abbreviate hospital stay. Morbidity associated with bronchiolitis as identified by parents persists for at least one week after hospital discharge in most infants.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 350.10(o) antiperspirant aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate
Source URL:
First approved in 1963
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Zirconium Fluoride is a water insoluble Zirconium source for use in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as metal production. Zirconium fluoride in a mixture with other fluorides is a coolant for molten salt reactors. In the mixture with sodium fluoride it is a candidate coolant for the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 341.12(k) cough/cold:antihistamine pyrilamine maleate
Source URL:
First approved in 1948
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Pyrilamine (also known as Mepyramine) is a first generation antihistamine, targeting the H1 receptor. However, it rapidly permeates the brain and so often causes drowsiness as a side effect. It is used in over-the-counter combination products for colds and menstrual symptoms. Mepyramine is a histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist. It binds to a G protein-coupled form of the receptor and promotes a G protein-coupled inactive state of the H1 receptor that interferes with the Gq/11-mediated signaling. Mepyramine competes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites on the effector cell surface, resulting in suppression of histaminic edema, flare, and pruritus. The sedative properties of Mepyramine occur at the subcortical level of the CNS. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 346.18(a) anorectal:astringent calamine
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
There is no available information related any biological and pharmaceutical application of ammonium tetrachlorozincate.
Status:
US Approved OTC
Source:
21 CFR 346.18(a) anorectal:astringent calamine
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Solution of Ferric Subsulphate U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Ferric Ammonium EDTA Solution is normally used as a photographic chemical for a bleaching agent in the process of colour washing. It is also used as a complexing, and oxidizing agent & as a fertilizer and catalyst. EDTA acid are colourless, water-soluble solid that are widely used to dissolve scale. The usefulness of these ammonium salts arise because of its role as a chelating agent, i.e. its ability to "sequester" metal ions such as Ca2+ and Fe3+.
