Efonidipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative for the treatment of hypertension and angina. Efonidipine exerts its antihypertensive and antianginal effects through blocking L- and T-type calcium channels.

Pyritinol is a semi natural analogue of water soluble vitamin B6. Pyritinol was synthetized way back in 1961 by Merck Laboratories. After years of research, it entered the market in the 1970s, where it was used for clinical applications – including treating stroke patients and those with Alzheimer’s. Since the 1990s, it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States and many other parts of the world. Pyritinol, unlike many other nootropics, has been approved for use as a medical treatment in countries around the world. Doctors in many European countries use Pyritinol to treat patients with chronic degenerative brain disorders – like dementia. Countries where Pyritinol is an approved treatment include Austria, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal. France has approved the use of Pyritinol – but only as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Pyritinol is not currently licensed for use in the United Kingdom, but in most other countries, it’s available online or through drug stores as an over the counter substance. Pyritinol is marketed under the brand names Encephabol, Encefabol and Cerbon 6. One of the known mechanisms of action of Pyritinol involves increasing choline uptake into your neurons and thereby increasing acetylcholine levels. Pyritinol is also a great effective precursor to dopamine, which is one of the neurotransmitter mood-boosters in the brain. Pyritinol has better conversion into the neurochemical. This drug increases dopamine, which can keep the brain from anxiety because a lower dopamine level is connected to mood disorders and depression.

Amantocillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivative, is an old highly active penicillinase-resistant broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Ecabet is an anti-ulcer agent, marketed in Japan as an oral agent for treatment of gastric ulcers and gastritis. Ecabet eradicates Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients. Antibacterial effect of ecabet is demonstrated at low pH, is mediated by inhibition of bacterial urease and accompanied by interference with TLR4 signaling and pepsin inhibition. Ecabet is also investigated for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.

Lenampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin that inhibits bacterial penicillin binding proteins (transpeptidase) and thus is effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. The drug was developed and marketed in Japan (Takacillin, Varacillin), however its current marketing status is unknown and supposed to be discontinued.

Colforsin daropate (a derivative of Colforsin) is cardiotonic, adenylate cyclase activator. It is reported as an ingredient of Adehl in Japan. Colforsin daropate hydrochloride is used for the treatment of acute heart failure. Colforsin daropate is capable of directly stimulating adenylate cyclase, which in turn causes vasorelaxation via elevated intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, making it a useful therapeutic tool in treating cerebral vasospasm.

Methylephedrine is one of the ephedra alkaloids that is found in varying amounts in different species of the plant genus Ephedra. Methylephedrine is a popular antitussive, bronchodilator, analgesic, antipyretic, and widely used mixed with other drugs in preparations for treatment of the common cold. N-Methylephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers are in FDA list of Exempt chemical mixtures.

Imipraminoxide (brand names Imiprex, Elepsin) is a tricyclic antidepressant and imipramine metabolite that was used in Europe for the treatment of depression. In comparison with the imipramine, Imipraminoxide efficacy was identical to imipramine. However, in clinical trials, imipraminoxide was found to have a faster onset of action, and fewer and less marked side effects, including diminished orthostatic hypotension and anticholinergic effects like dry mouth, sweating, dizziness, and fatigue. Imipraminoxide's pharmacology has not been well elucidated, but based on its very close relationship with imipramine, it likely acts as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin, adrenaline, histamine, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, though with weaker antiadrenergic and anticholinergic actions

Levormeloxifene (INN) is an experimental selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that was being developed as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Levormeloxifene is the levorotatory enantiomer of non-hormonal, non-steroidal oral contraceptive -- ormeloxifene (trade names Novex-DS, Centron, and Sevista). The development of Levormeloxifene was stopped because of a high incidence of gynecologic adverse events during clinical trials.

METHYLMETHIONINE (S-Methionine methyl sulfonium, SMMS) chloride is a derivative of methionine metabolism in some plants. Methylmethionine has therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal ulceration potentially via its ability to promote dermal fibroblast migration and growth. The natural derivative Methylmethionine is biosynthesized from L-methionine which is first converted to S-adenosylmethionine. The subsequent conversion, involving replacement of the adenosyl group by a methyl group is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. Methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine. S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.