Glycitin (4'-Hydroxy-6-Methoxyisoflavone-7-D-Glucoside) is a soy isoflavone. Isoflavone mixtures from soybean containing glycitin exert anti-obese and antidiabetic, antineoplastic, antioxidant effects. Isoflavone supplementation in healthy males may enhance cognitive processes which appear dependent on oestrogen activation. Glycitin underwent hydrolysis of the beta-glycoside moiety and little further biotransformation, leading to high plasma glycitein concentrations.

Vinburnine is a nutritional product, a peripheral vasodilator with cerebral activities that also act as a cerebral metabolic stimulant and appears to be able to relax the smooth muscle cells within the walls of blood vessels. (+/-)-Eburnamonine is the racemate of the alkaloid Vinburnine. Dextrorotatory, levorotatory, and racemic forms of eburnamonine exist in nature. The (-)-form, also known as vincamone (isolated from Vinca minor), is a drug that possesses a stimulating activity for muscle and is used as cerebrotonic, whereas both enantiomers have hypotensive effects.

Tanshinone IIA is a derivative of phenanthrene-quinone isolated from Danshen, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine. It has antioxidant properties and cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cell lines, inducing apoptosis and differentiation of some human cancer cell lines. It was found, that tanshinone IIA might have potential anticancer activity on breast cancers through upregulation and downregulation of multiple genes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, angiogenesis, invasive potential and metastatic potential of cancer cells. ADPRTL1 might be the main target at which tanshinone IIA acted. Recently was discovered that tanshinone IIA exerts its cardio protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 via the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, however, further studies are required in order to define and clarify the rationale for its clinical use.

Magnesium levulinate, the magnesium salt of levulinic acid, is a mineral supplement. It has been shown that in some cases of congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA) with pyruvate kinase deficiency, the primary defect may be related to diminished magnesium-stimulated ATPase activity, followed by elevation of the erythrocyte ATP level. In CNSHA patients the administration of Magnesium levulinate was followed by an increase in PK activity almost to the control value. This may indicate that magnesium ions stimulate deficient ATPase activity and lead to diminution of ATP as a negative effector for other regulatory enzymes.

Maduramicin is antibiotic isolated from actinobacteria Actinomadura rubra. Maduramicin is used in veterinary as an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis in broiler chickens and turkeys. The compound is reported to be toxic to animals and humans if improperly used or by accident, resulting in heart failure, skeletal muscle degeneration, and even death. Studies have shown that toxicity is due to activation of protein phosphatase 2A, and the manipulation of the ROS-PTEN-Akt-Erk1/2 pathway may be a potential approach to prevent maduramicin -induced cardiotoxicity.

(R)-3'-hydroxybutyl (R)-3'-hydroxybutyrate or D-β-hydroxybutyrate ester is a is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body. Ketone bodies are the most energy-efficient fuel and yield more ATP per mole of substrate than pyruvate and increase the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Ketone diet containing (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, improved physical performance and cognitive function in rats, and its energy-sparing properties suggest that it may help to treat a range of human conditions with metabolic abnormalities. It may be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of, neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia. It has been approved by the FDA as “Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)”.

Ginsenoside Rc is a triterpene saponin originally found in species of Panax that exhibits antioxidative, anti-aging, antinociceptive, and anti-diabetic activities. Ginsenoside Rc inhibits phosphorylation of Foxo1, inhibits AMPK, activates PI3K/Akt signaling, and increases levels of catalase, decreasing oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rc also induces antinociception in animal models of writhing and formalin-induced pain, potentially through activity on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. In other animal models, ginsenoside Rc activates AMPK and p38 MAPK, increasing glucose uptake. Additionally, this compound increases the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Ginsenoside Rc has being shown to attenuate inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF-a and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. Ginsenoside Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1, reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Ginsenoside Rc may be a major component of Korean Red Ginseng, marketed in Korea, with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Far East Asia. Korean Red Ginseng is possibly effective for:

Transfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, available in the market as 0.88% w/w liquid vaporiser. It is a repellent insecticide, generally used for the control of mosquitoes in the household. It is also the primary insecticide in certain products for killing wasps and hornets, including their nests.

Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), a pentacyclic triterpene, is a component of gum resin of Boswellia serrata. It inhibits 5-lipoxygenase in a selective, enzyme directed, non-redox, and noncompetitive manner. In addition, AKBA inhibited topoisomerase I. It induces apoptosis and exerts antineoplastic properties. 5-LOXIN, a dietary supplement ingredient (Boswellia serrata extract enriched with 30% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid) is effective in reducing pain and improving physical functioning in osteoarthritis patients.