Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in the milk of most species. Its biosynthesis takes place in the mammary gland. The molecular structures of α- and β -lactose differ in the orientation of a hydrogen- and a hydroxyl group on carbon atom no.1 in the glucose moiety. Both forms change into one another continuously. At room temperature, the equilibrium results in a ratio of about 40% α-lactose and 60% β-lactose. The fact that two forms of lactose exist which differ in molecular structure has profound effects on various properties of lactose such as crystallization behavior, crystal morphology, solid-state properties, and solubility. The intestine does not actively absorb lactose unless it is split into its two-monosaccharide components, i.e. glucose and galactose. This hydrolysis of lactose is affected by the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the epithelium cells in the brush-border of the small intestine. Thus, the capacity of mammals to digest lactose is dependent on the lactase activity in the intestine. The maximum activity of the enzyme occurs shortly after birth and declines during the weaning period, after which it remains at a relatively constant level. Genetically determined factors governing residual lactase activity also exist. Individuals having low lactase activity are called lactose malabsorbers. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose. The principal symptom of lactose intolerance is an adverse reaction to products containing lactose (primarily milk), including abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, borborygmi, and vomiting (particularly in adolescents). These appear one-half to two hours after consumption.

Disodium aspartate is used in organic biosynthesis.

Linoleic acid is a naturally occurring omega-6 essential fatty acid, present in a variety of foods, including the oils. Linoleic acid is a precursor for arachidonic acid biosynthesis; on the first enzymatic step of the pathway involves delta-6-desaturase, which converts linoleic acid to gamma-lenolenic acid. Linoleic acid has beneficial effects on human skin and hair. Replacement of saturated fat with linoleic acid is advocated to improve serum lipoprotein profiles and reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid was tested in clinical trilas as a possible remedy against multiple sclerosis.

Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a component of the normal human diet as a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil. Oleic acid has being shown to have a potential anticancer activity.

Pelletierine is an alkaloid found in the root-bark of the pomegranate tree. There is a little information about the pharmacological application of this compound, but one article describes the anthelminthic activity of pelletierine.

Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide. There is no information related to the biological and pharmacological application of molybdic acid. It is known, that this substance is used as heterogeneous catalysts.

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. It is used as a photosensitive agent in photography, as a local antiseptic, as a chemical intermediate, and in cloud seeding for rain-making. The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of silver iodide stem from its toxicologic properties. Effects from exposure may include skin rashes, conjunctivitis, argyria (a permanent ashen-gray discoloration of skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs), headache, fever, hypersensitivity, laryngitis, and bronchitis.

Lead carbonate doesn’t have any biological or pharmacological application, but is known, that it can penetrate by inhalation or by ingestion. Lead carbonate may have effects on the blood, bone marrow, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and kidneys, resulting in anemia, hemolysis, kidney impairment, and also it causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. Stibophen is known to act by selectively inhibiting worm PFK.

Picric acid is used as a high explosive, an oxidant in rocket fuels, in matches and leather processing, as a laboratory reagent for serum creatinine analysis in humans and experimental animals. There is not much information related to pharmacological and biological application of picric acid. But is known, that during the 1920s-30s, it was used either alone or in combination with butyl aminobenzoate as an antiseptic dressing for burn wounds. About 4% of patients treated with picric acid developed sensitization local dermatitis and at least one case of serious central nervous system dysfunction occurred following topical picric acid application. Picric acid does not sensitize directly, but only after conversion to a more reactive compound. Picric acid was positive in the Ames salmonella assay for mutagenicity when metabolic activation was present. It has also been reported to be non-mutagenic in the Ames test. Those contradictory results did not allow to draw a conclusion on picric acid mutagenicity. A review by a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands in 2002, did not find published data on long-term toxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity.