1,3-Diphenylurea is a cytokinin first identified in coconut milk. It is a hormone that promotes cell division in plant roots and shoots. 1,3-Diphenylurea is a nanomolar inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its derivatives were developed for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Phenyl Aminosalicylate is the phenyl ester of para-aminosalicylic acid, reported to have less side effects than simple salts of para-aminosalicylic acid. It’s a second-line antituberculosis drug with a high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions and gastrointestinal upset.

Iproniazid is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO) of the hydrazine class. It was originally developed for the treatment of Tuberculosis, but in 1952, its antidepressant properties were discovered when researchers noted that patients given isoniazid became inappropriately happy. Iproniazid is no longer clinically prescribed and has been withdrawn due to incidences of hepatotoxicity.

Viomycin is a basic peptide antibiotic, which is among the most effective agents against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The tuberactinomycins, such as Viomycin, target bacterial ribosomes, binding RNA and disrupting bacterial protein biosynthesis. Specifically, viomycin binds to a site on the ribosome which lies at the interface between helix 44 of the small ribosomal subunit and helix 69 of the large ribosomal subunit. The structures of this complexes suggest that the viomycin inhibits translocation by stabilizing the tRNA in the A site in the pretranslocation state.

Dihydrostreptomycin is an antibiotic compound derived from streptomycin by reduction with hydrogen. The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome, thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins, in addition it binds mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and modifies its conformation, thus allowing the passage of K+ and glutamate out of, and dihydrostreptomycin into, the cell. It has about the same degree of antibacterial activity as streptomycin, but it is less effective against some gram-negative microorganisms. Because it has a higher risk of irreversible deafness, and its effectiveness is no greater that that of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin is no longer used clinically. To date dihydrostreptomycin is approved for veterinary use to treat bacterial infections.

Cloxyquin has being shown to be a novel activator of the two-pore domain potassium channel TRESK, which is linked to causing migraines and controls the sensitivity of pain nerves in the brain.

Ethyl Methoxycinnamate (EPMC , Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate) is a major constituent of Kaempferia galanga. with nematicidal, mosquito repellent, anti-neoplastic and anti-microbial activity. In preclinical studies Ethyl Methoxycinnamate shows marked larvicidal, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory activity on susceptible and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical M. tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients as well. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory mechanistic study, Ethyl Methoxycinnamate was found to inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2.

Betulin is an extract from bark of the white birch tree, which has been known since the 18th century and is chemically defined. Betulin was discovered by German-Russian chemist Johann Tobias Lowitz. He was the first scientist to study and characterise betulin, and in doing was one of the first to isolate an active plant ingredient. In numerous scientific studies, the natural active ingredient betulin has been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and regenerating properties. Birken AG creates a patented process for extracting high-quality betulin from birch bark. Betulin works as keratinocyte modulator and transient receptor potential channel stimulant. An extensive study program including three clinical phase III trials was initiated to develop the drug candidate Oleogel-S10, Betulin-based oleogel, as the lead indication for accelerated wound healing of partial thickness wounds. In addition, Oleogel-S10 obtained the Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of hereditary skin disorder Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) from the European Commission. Betulin can be easily converted to betulinic acid, which possesses a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. Betulinic acid has antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities. Betulinic acid and its derivatives have especially shown anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cell lines comparable to some clinically used drugs.

Totarol is a meroterpene, and more precisely a terpenophenolic, a chemical compound that is part terpene and part natural phenol. It is a naturally produced diterpene that is bioactive as (+)-totarol. It was first isolated by McDowell and Esterfield from the heartwood of Podocarpus totara, a yew tree found in New Zealand. Totarol showed good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv (MIC of 73.7 uM). It was also most active against the isoniazid-, streptomycin-, and moxifloxacin-resistant variants (MIC of 38.4, 83.4 and 60 uM, respectively). Totarol demonstrated nematicidal and antifouling activities against Caenorhabditis elegans and Artemia salina, it inhibited Leishmania donovani promastigotes, showed good antimicrobial activity against effluxing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Totarol inhibits bacterial proliferation by targeting FtsZ and it may be useful as a lead compound to develop an effective antitubercular drug.

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins. Oleanolic acid protects the liver from acute chemically induced liver injury, fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic liver diseases. Its possess cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines