Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone that is found in tangerine and other citrus peels. Its natural role is to strengthen the cell wall and act as a plant's defensive mechanism against disease-causing pathogens. Animal studies have shown the potential fo tangeretin as a therapeutic in a number of conditions including cancers, asthma, CKD, hypercholesterolemia, and Parkinson's disease.

Corynoxeine is a compound isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla, a traditional Chinese herb that has been applied to the treatment of convulsive disorders in China. Corynoxeine was found to inhibit PDGF-BB-induced activation of ERK1/2 and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Corynoxeine found to induce autophagy in different neuronal cell lines, including N2a and SHSY-5Y cells and may have potential application for the prevention or treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Baicalin is a flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity extracted from Scutellarua rivularis. Limited distribution data suggest that baicalin reached several sites such as the brain, eye lens, thymus, etc. Metabolism data suggest the rapid conversion of baicalin to baicalein. Baicalin has the potential to be used in novel anti-cancer therapeutic formulations for treatment of ovarian cancer and other cancers. Baicalin markedly inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a concentration-dependent manner in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. The preventive medication of baicalin shows a protective effect on C57 BL mouse with Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).

Madecassoside is a triterpenoid compound found in Centella asiatica (Gotu kola), a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Ayurvedic medicine, and traditional African medicine. Madecassoside has a wide range of reported biological activities including, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-oxidant activities. It has been reported to suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha production via inhibition of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB activity. Madecassoside, a triterpenoid derivative isolated from Centella asiatica, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Madecassoside significantly reduced brain infarct area, resolved neurological deficit, and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis. It also significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and augmented the antioxidant activity in rats subjected to cerebral I/R. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 significantly reduced after madecassoside treatment. Madecassoside is neuroprotective and may be useful in reducing the damage caused by stroke. Madecassoside has being shown to inhibits melanin synthesis by blocking ultraviolet-induced inflammation.

NADIDE (NAD+) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. NADIDE was marketed under the brand name Enada. Although Enada (NADH) is marketed as a nutritional supplement, Birkmayer Pharmaceuticals has launched two clinical trials to prove scientifically that Enada is effective. Before these studies could get started they had to also prove to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that the stable oral form of Enada (NADH) is a safe substance. Since the mid-‘80s more than 3,000 parkinsonian patients have received NADH, either as intravenous infusion or in the form of oral tablets. Enada (NADH) is the world‘s first and only stabilized, absorbable, patented, tablet-form NADH dietary supplement. It is now available to everyone whose lifestyle demands increased energy, vitality and mental clarity. In other words, it is beneficial not only for patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer‘s disease, depression or Parkinson‘s disease, but for any normal, healthy individual whose lifestyle demands more energy. NADIDE (NADH) may be considered as a therapeutic adjunct for cancer patients to protect them against the general toxic effects of substances such as doxorubicin or cisplatin by stimulating the DNA repair system and by promoting normal cellular biosynthetic responses after chemotherapy. NADH seems to exhibit a chemo preventive effect.

3-N-Butylphthalide (NBP), a family comprised of optical isomers l-3-N-butylphthalide (l-NBP) and d-3-N-butylphthalide (d-NBP), with l-NBP being an extract from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn. (celery) and dl-3-N-butylphthalide (dl-NBP), a synthetized version, has been studied for its significant neuroprotective effects. NBP showed neuroprotective effects by decreasing oxidative damage, inhibiting inflammatory responses, improving mitochondrial function, and reducing neuronal apoptosis. NBP received approval by the State Food and Drug Administration of China for clinical use in stroke patients in 2002. It demonstrates a potential for the treatment of central nervous system diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease.

Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-histidine and l-alanine. It is widely present in muscle and brain tissues. It possesses strong and specific antioxidant properties, protects against radiation damage, and promotes wound healing. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. In addition, was shown, that carnosine significantly protects against TCA-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats, through its antioxidant, antinutritive, and anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis. It also may be a therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease. Experiments on animal have shown the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine.

ETHYLBISIMINOMETHYLGUAIACOL MANGANESE CHLORIDE (EUK-134) is a synthetic manganese-porphyrin complex. It is a superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic. EUK-134 can protect ischemically injured rat kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion syndrome when administered just before reperfusion. EUK-134 can markedly protect primary rat cortical neurons from hydrogen peroxide mediated oxidative stress. Treatment with EUK-134 prevented the force decrease and the actin modifications in pulmonary hypertension diaphragm bundles. EUK-134 is identified as a novel approach to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and lends scope for the development of EUK-134 as a therapeutic agent in the management of human cardiovascular disease.

Glutathione (GSH, also called as reduced glutathione) is a tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes such as, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins. Glutathione S-transferases catalyse the conjugation of GSH via a sulfhydryl group to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates in order to make the compounds more water-soluble. As a part of homeopathic product, glutathione is used for temporary relief of symptoms related to Free Radical Toxicity including tingling in hands and feet, mood changes, frequent colds, poor digestion, fatigue, and constipation. In addition, for temporary relief of pain in the back from urinating, constant urging and frequent urination, kidneys sensitive to pressure, and pain from back extending down the thigh. Glutathione is an important nutrient for brain function and loss of glutathione has been implicated in Parkinson's disease. In phase II of the clinical trial was investigated whether administration of either dose of glutathione, as a nasal spray, improves PD symptoms over time in a population of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition in phase II of clinical trial was shown, that reduced glutathione, an ingredient of RayGel™, has been helpful in decreasing some radiation therapy side effects to the skin. Reduced glutathione plays a vital role in both making DNA and cell repair. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited disease among the Caucasian population with considerable morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Glutathione (GSH) represents the first-line defence of the lung against oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Therapeutic approaches with inhaled GSH could improve the reduced lung antioxidant capacity in order to counterbalance the oxidant stress linked to the chronic airway inflammation and bacterial infection.

Inosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside which serves as an intermediate in purine metabolism. The metabolism of purines in humans generates a potent antioxidant compound, uric acid, which is known to be a natural scavenger of both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species as well as having chelator properties. Inosine, as a precursor of uric acid, was shown to have neuroprotective effect in vitro and is being tested in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson disease. The treatment with inosine is belived to prevent or slow the disease.