Lithium orotate consists of lithium, an alkali metal, and orotic acid, a compound produced naturally in the body. Lithium orotate is marketed as a dietary supplement. It has a “GRAS” status. The chronic administration of lithium helps to support healthy mood by modulating NMDA receptors in the brain. Lithium also alters sodium transport and interferes with other ion exchange mechanisms, altering nerve conduction. Lithium can replace sodium in extracellular fluid. Recommended applications are: supports balanced mood; modulates polarization of cell membranes; ameliorates headaches; reduces alcohol cravings; supports healthy brain aging. Typical side effects are muscle weakness, apathy, loss of appetite (from all of one human trial).

Butriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant used in patients with depression associated with anxiety. The drug is supposed to be withdrawn from the market as the last publication about its clinical use is dated by 1988.

Benzoclidine (Oxylidin) exerts tranquilizing and hypotensive actions. It reduces the excitability of the central nervous system, enhances the effect of hypnotic drugs, analgesics and local anesthetics, has a moderate antihypertensive effect, reduces the excitability of the vasomotor centers, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Benzoclidine is marke indicated for the treatment of anxiety and depression of various origins (particularly mild expressed and associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency), neurosis, personality disorder, cyclothymia, hypertension with cerebral disorders, sinus tachycardia, paroxysmal tachycardia.

Flupenthixol is a thioxanthene antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses, with the exception of mania and psychomotor hyperactivity due to an activating effect associated with this drug. It may also be employed as an antidepressant. Flupenthixol has a wide range of pharmacological actions. Flupenthixol blocks dopaminergic receptors, thus interfering with dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Flupenthixol also inhibits serotonin 5-HT, histamine H1, muscarinic and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Zimeldine was one of the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to be marketed as an antidepressant under the brand names Zimeldine, Normud, and Zelmid. Zimelidine was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Arvid Carlsson, who was then working for the Swedish company Astra AB. While zimelidine had a very favorable safety profile, within a year and a half of its introduction, rare case reports of Guillain–Barré syndrome emerged that appeared to be caused by the drug, prompting its withdrawl from the market.

Potassium Orotate is a non-steroidal anabolic preparation with regenerating, diuretic effect. Potassium Orotate improves appetite, cardiac glycosides tolerance, stimulates regenerative and reparative processes of metabolism. Orotic acid is one of precursors the pyrimidine nucleotides which are a part of nucleic acids which participate in synthesis of protein molecules. In this regard potassium orotate is applied as substance of anabolic action at disturbances of protein metabolism, first of all at disturbance of albumin function of a liver, at the dystrophic changes in a myocardium which developed as owing to pathological process (a myocarditis, myocardial infarction), and as a result of a physical overstrain in sport as the general stimulators of metabolic processes.

Melitracen (HCl) is a tricyclic antidepressant with actions and effects similar to amitriptyline.Melitracen (HCl) is given orally in the treatment of depression. It should be withdrawn gradually to reduce the risk of withdrawl symptoms. Melitracen (HCl) is primarily indicated in conditions like Anxiety, Asthenia, Depression, gastro-intestinal disorders associated with anxiety and agitation. Melitracen is marketed in Europe and Japan by Lundbeck and Takeda, respectively, for the treatment of depression and anxiety. In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit, a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol. The way this drug works hasn’t been thoroughly researched, but some hypothesize that it may work similarly to the drugs Imipramine and Amitriptyline. In comparison to older TCAs, this drug is thought to work more quickly with more favorable side effects.

Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant used for the treatment of depression. It was investigated as an adjuvant for reduction of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, as an aid for opioid detoxification therapy (where it reduced symptoms but lead to higher drop-out rate), and for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (where it was ineffective). Mianserin has a broad spectrum of activity with the most potent binding to 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, H1, alpha2A and alpha2C receptor.

Doxepin is a dibenzoxepin tricyclic antidepressant marketed worldwide. It is a white crystalline solid readily soluble in water, lower alcohols and chloroform. The mechanism of action of doxepin is not definitely known. It is not a central nervous system stimulant nor a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The current hypothesis is that the clinical effects are due, at least in part, to influences on the adrenergic activity at the synapses so that deactivation of norepinephrine by reuptake into the nerve terminals is prevented. Antidepressants may increase risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults (18–24 years of age) with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Drowsiness is the most commonly noticed side effect. This tends to disappear as therapy is continued. Other infrequently reported CNS side effects are confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, numbness, paresthesias, ataxia, extrapyramidal symptoms, seizures, tardive dyskinesia, and tremor. : Cardiovascular effects including hypotension, hypertension, and tachycardia have been reported occasionally. Skin rash, edema, photosensitization, and pruritus have occasionally occurred. Eosinophilia has been reported in a few patients. There have been occasional reports of bone marrow depression manifesting as agranulocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and purpura. Doxepin is used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, itchiness, trouble sleeping, and as a second-line treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria (hives). Its oral formulations are FDA-approved for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and insomnia and its topical formulations are FDA-approved the short-term management (up to 8 days) of atopic dermatitis and lichen simplex chronicus. Whereas in Australia and the UK, the only licensed indication(s) is/are in the treatment of major depression and pruritus in eczema, respectively.

Rosin is a natural product derived from pine trees and consists of a complex mixture of mutually soluble organic compounds. Rosin (colophony) is composed of approximately 70% resin acids. Rosins are produced commercially by one of the following three methods: (1) solvent extraction of aged and ground pine stumps (wood rosin), (2) extraction of crude tall oil as a byproduct of the Kraft pulping process for making paper followed by acidification and fractional distillation (tall oil rosin) and, (3) tapping the living tree to collect oleoresin followed by distillation to yield turpentine and a resinous substance (gum rosin). Because, gum, tall oil and wood rosins are obtained from pine trees, they are similar in composition. Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit wide ranging pharmaceutical applications. Rosin derivatives show excellent film forming and coating properties. They are also used for tablet film and enteric coating purpose. Rosins have also been used to formulate microcapsules and nanoparticles. Glycerol, sorbitol, and mannitol esters of rosin are used as chewing gum bases for medicinal applications. The degradation and biocompatibility of rosin and rosin-based biomaterials has been examined in vitro and in vivo. Rosin Gum is an important raw material for the manufacture of soap, paper, paint, and rubber; intermediate material for synthetic organic chemicals. Rosin in Rhodiola rosea L. preparations can effect the central nervous system by increasing the ability to concentrate, the mental and physical power; they are efficient in the asthenic states and improve general resistance of the cells and the organism against the harmful outer influence. They also prevent the heart system from stress and arrhythmias, and posses some antioxidant activity. Some data confirm that the Rhodiola rosea L. preparations stop the growth of the malignant tumors and metastases in the liver.