Tinidazole is a synthetic antiprotozoal agent, formally known as 1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole and a second-generation 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. Tinidazole is a prodrug and antiprotozoal agent. The nitro group of tinidazole is reduced in Trichomonas by a ferredoxin-mediated electron transport system. The free nitro radical generated as a result of this reduction is believed to be responsible for the antiprotozoal activity. It is suggested that the toxic free radicals covalently bind to DNA, causing DNA damage and leading to cell death. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against Giardia and Entamoeba species is not known. Tindamax oral tablets are indicated for the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by T. vaginalis in both female and male patients assuming the organism has been identified by appropriate diagnostic procedures. Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with potentially serious sequelae, partners of infected patients should be treated simultaneously in order to prevent re-infection. Tindamax oral tablets are also indicated for the treatment of giardiasis caused by G. duodenalis (also termed G. lamblia) in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age. Another indication for Tindamax oral tablets is the treatment of intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess caused by E. histolytica in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age. It is not indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic cyst passage. The most common side effects reported with tinidazole are upset stomach, bitter taste and itchiness. Other side effects include headache, physical fatigue, and dizziness. Anecdotally, people who have taken both metronidazole and tinidazole report toxicity is much the same except the side effects don't last as long with the latter. Drinking alcohol while taking tinidazole causes an unpleasant disulfiram-like reaction which includes nausea, vomiting, headache, increased blood pressure, flushing, and shortness of breath.

Minocycline is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. Minocycline has many brand names one of them is minocin, Minocin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci etc. Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-negative bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species etc. MINOCIN also is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-positive bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, etc. When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, etc. Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Minocycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria.

The quinoline derivative diiodohydroxyquinoline (INN) or iodoquinol (USAN), one of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. Iodoquinol is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It was discovered by Adco Co. and introduced as diiodohydroxyquinoline. The mechanism of action is unknown. Iodoquinol acts against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Iodoquinol produces its amebicidal effect at the site of infection, since it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can reach high concentrations in the intestinal lumen.

THIOCARBARSONE is an arsenical amoebicide.

Glycobiarsol was known under the brand name Milibis. Glycobiarsol is found to be very effective in intestinal infections. Milibis is an antiprotozoal agent that has been used in humans as well as in dogs.

Diloxanide (used in the form of furoate) was developed for the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis. The effectiveness of the drug was proved in clinical trials, however, the mechanism of its action is unknown. The drug is not marketed in the United States, athough it is available in India.

Acetarsone is a pentavalent arsenical compound with antiprotozoal and antihelmintic properties. It was first discovered in 1921 at Pasteur Institute by Ernest Fourneau, and sold under the brand name Stovarsol (fourneau is the French word for stove). Before stovarsol was used in the treatment of congenital syphilis, it had already been used in other diseases : amoebiasis, acquired syphilis, yaws, trypanosomiasis and malaria, and a formidable list of toxic manifestations can be compiled from the literature. Bender (I927) recorded six cases of poisoning with malaise, fever, cedema, jaundice, diarrhoea, albuminuria, bronchitis, coryza and skin troubles, such as diffuse erythema, dryness and pruritus. Of 232 cases of amoebiasis treated by Brown (I935) without a death, thirteen (5.6%) had toxic erythemata, some of them so severe as to amount to exfoliative dermatitis. Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, acetarsone may bind to protein-containing sulfhydryl groups located in the parasite, thereby forming lethal As-S bonds. This may prevent their functioning and eventually kill the parasite.

Minocycline is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. Minocycline has many brand names one of them is minocin, Minocin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci etc. Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-negative bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species etc. MINOCIN also is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-positive bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, etc. When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, etc. Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Minocycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria.

Minocycline is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. Minocycline has many brand names one of them is minocin, Minocin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci etc. Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-negative bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species etc. MINOCIN also is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-positive bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, etc. When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, etc. Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Minocycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria.

Acetarsone is a pentavalent arsenical compound with antiprotozoal and antihelmintic properties. It was first discovered in 1921 at Pasteur Institute by Ernest Fourneau, and sold under the brand name Stovarsol (fourneau is the French word for stove). Before stovarsol was used in the treatment of congenital syphilis, it had already been used in other diseases : amoebiasis, acquired syphilis, yaws, trypanosomiasis and malaria, and a formidable list of toxic manifestations can be compiled from the literature. Bender (I927) recorded six cases of poisoning with malaise, fever, cedema, jaundice, diarrhoea, albuminuria, bronchitis, coryza and skin troubles, such as diffuse erythema, dryness and pruritus. Of 232 cases of amoebiasis treated by Brown (I935) without a death, thirteen (5.6%) had toxic erythemata, some of them so severe as to amount to exfoliative dermatitis. Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, acetarsone may bind to protein-containing sulfhydryl groups located in the parasite, thereby forming lethal As-S bonds. This may prevent their functioning and eventually kill the parasite.