JNJ-17203212 is an TRPV1 receptor antagonist. The drug exerts potent antinociceptive and antitussive actions. JNJ-17203212 is developing by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of pain and cough. No development reported.

JNJ-10397049 is a potent and selective antagonist of the orexin-2 receptor. JNJ-10397049 regulated ovulation, and sleep promotion. JNJ-10397049 was reported to be effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

R 59 022 (6-[2-[4-[(4-fluorophenyl)phenylmethylene)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[3,2-alpha] pyrimidin-5-one) is is an inhibitor of the enzyme 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase, which, by inhibiting the conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid, causes an increase in endogenous DAG levels and the activity of the DAG-dependent enzyme protein kinase C. R 59 022 was found to inhibit diacylglycerol kinase in human red blood cell membranes at concentrations where poly phosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase activity remained unaffected. In intact platelets, R 59 022 inhibits the phosphorylation of OAG to l-oleoyl-2-acetylglyceryl-3-phosphoric acid (OAPA). R 59 022 2 results in a marked elevation of diacylglycerol levels, a decreased formation of phosphatidic acid and an increased protein kinase C activity in thrombin activated platelets. R59022 induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma, melanoma and in cancer cells, but lacked toxicity in noncancerous cells. Intraperitoneal injections of R59022 at 2 mg/kg significantly increases median survival in mouse xenograft models.

1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea (A-425619), a novel, potent, and selective transient receptor potential type V1 (TRPV1) antagonist, attenuates pain associated with inflammation and tissue injury in rats. A-425619 was found to potently block capsaicin-evoked increases in intracellular calcium concentrations in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant human TRPV1 receptors (IC50 = 5 nM). A-425619 showed similar potency (IC50 = 3-4 nM) to block TRPV1 receptor activation by anandamide and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine. Electrophysiological experiments showed that A-425619 also potently blocked the activation of native TRPV1 channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (IC50 = 9 nM). In vivo, A-425619 dose dependently reduced capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (ED50 = 45 umol/kg p.o.). A-425619 was also effective in models of inflammatory pain and postoperative pain. A-425619 potently reduced complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain after oral administration (ED50 = 40 umol/kg p.o.) and was also effective after either i.t. administration or local injection into the inflamed paw. Furthermore, A-425619 maintained efficacy in the postoperative pain model after twice daily dosing p.o. for 5 days. A-425619 also showed partial efficacy in models of neuropathic pain. A-425619 did not alter motor performance at the highest dose tested (300 micromol/kg p.o.). A-425619, a potent and selective antagonist of TRPV1 receptors, effectively relieves acute and chronic inflammatory pain and postoperative pain.

Trolox (6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) is a synthetic Vitamin E analog exerting antioxidant properties. Trolox is widely used for estimation of antioxidant capacity in the assay based on electron transfer reaction. Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay is based on the suppression of the absorbance of radical cations of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) by antioxidants in the test sample when ABTS incubates with a peroxidase (metmyoglobin) and hydrogen peroxide.

AM-679 is a drug that acts as a moderately potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors. AM-679 is a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor. AM-679, found in Italy for the first time, but also identified during a seizure made by Hungarian authorities, almost concurrent with the Italian seizure.

JNJ-1661010 is a potent and selective is a potent and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. FAAH is a membrane bound serine hydrolase primarily responsible for the breakdown of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in the CNS. Increasing the amount of anandamide, which has analgesics properties, may be efficacious in the treatment of pain. According to the experimental data JNJ-1661010 may be useful clinically as broad-spectrum analgesics. Johnson & Johnson is developing JNJ-1661010 for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Preclinical development is being conducted in the US. In addition recent data demonstrated that JNJ-1661010 could be useful in the treatment of arthritis and parkinson's disease. JNJ-1661010 inhibits myometrial contractility, without un-specific relaxing effects on the smooth muscle.

LY235959 is the active isomer of the 6-substituted decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, LY274614. Both LY274614 and LY235959 have demonstrated potent NMDA receptor antagonist activity both in vivo and in-vitro. LY235959 has been shown to attenuate and reverse morphine tolerance as well as, attenuate opioid withdrawal and block c-fos mRNA induction in limbic areas. The attenuation of morphine tolerance occurs through the interaction of LY235959 with the NMDA receptor and not by producing opiate receptor changes. LY235959 is able to block NMDA receptor-induced hyperalgesia, as well as formalin-induced inflammatory pain, in rats. These antinociceptive effects of LY235959 were obtained at doses that did not produce motor impairment. LY235959 does not block the hyperalgesia produced by kainic acid (a non-NMDA glutamate receptor agonist) providing evidence of its selectivity for the NMDA receptor.

JWH-250 or (1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole) is an analgesic chemical from the phenylacetylindole family that acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with a Ki of 11 nM at CB1 and 33 nM at CB2. JWH-250 does not have any therapeutic application, however it is found in many herbal products that are smoked for their psychoactive effects. JWH-250 is a controlled substance by FDA.

Echinacoside is a caffeic acid glycoside which is constituted from a trisaccharide consisting of two glucose and one rhamnose moieties glycosidically linked to one caffeic acid and on hydroxytyrosol residue at the centrally situated rhamnose. Echinacoside is the basic component of the roots of E. angustifolia and E. pallida, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0%. Echinacoside is reported to possess the immunostimulatory and high antioxidant activities