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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C7H8N4O2
Molecular Weight 180.164
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of THEOBROMINE

SMILES

CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)NC(=O)N2C

InChI

InChIKey=YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,12,13)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C7H8N4O2
Molecular Weight 180.164
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Theobromine is the primary alkaloid present in the cocoa and chocolate. Theobromine is found in the shells and beans of the cacao plant and it is extracted from the husks of the bean and used for the synthesis of caffeine. Theobromine is an adenosine A1 and A2a receptor antagonist. Thesodate is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by theobromine are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, sleeplessness, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite. Theobromine is currently not in use as a medicinal drug.

Originator

Sources: DOI: 10.1002/jlac.18420410117

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Target ID: P30543
Gene ID: 25369.0
Gene Symbol: Adora2a
Target Organism: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
250.0 µM [IC50]
120.0 µM [Ki]
Target ID: P05177
Gene ID: 1544.0
Gene Symbol: CYP1A2
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Target ID: P05181
Gene ID: 1571.0
Gene Symbol: CYP2E1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Thesodate

Approved Use

Theobromine was used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.
Palliative
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Primary
Thesodate

Approved Use

Theobromine used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
8.38 μg/mL
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous
dose: 4 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Equus caballus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
92 μg × h/mL
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous
dose: 4 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Equus caballus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
13351 mg × min/L
50 mg/kg bw single, oral
dose: 50 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Rattus norvegicus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
15.7 h
4 mg/kg bw single, intravenous
dose: 4 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Equus caballus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
4.23 h
50 mg/kg bw single, oral
dose: 50 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Rattus norvegicus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
88%
50 mg/kg bw single, oral
dose: 50 mg/kg bw
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
THEOBROMINE plasma
Rattus norvegicus
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer


Drug as victimTox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Biotransformation of caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2 and CYP2E1.
1992 Apr
Effects of caffeine and its reactive metabolites theophylline and theobromine on the differentiating testis.
2001
Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad.
2001
Improved high-performance liquid chromatography method to determine theobromine and caffeine in cocoa and cocoa products.
2001 Aug
Synergism between A(2A)-adenosine receptor activation and vasoactive intestinal peptide to facilitate [3H]-acetylcholine release from the rat motor nerve terminals.
2001 Aug 24
Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil.
2001 Dec
Effect of methylxanthine derivatives on doxorubicin transport and antitumor activity.
2001 Dec
Evidence for the presence of A(1) adenosine receptors in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
2001 Dec
Adenosine modulates Mg(2+) uptake in distal convoluted tubule cells via A(1) and A(2) purinoceptors.
2001 Dec
Simultaneous determination of artificial sweeteners, preservatives, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in food and pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography.
2001 Dec 7
Protection by aspirin of indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage in rats: mediation by salicylic acid.
2001 Jan-Dec
A novel analgesic compound OT-7100 attenuates nociceptive responses in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia: a possible involvement of adenosinergic anti-nociception.
2001 Nov
In vivo effects of adenosine A(2) receptor agonist and antagonist on neuronal and astrocytic intermediary metabolism studied with ex vivo (13)C MR spectroscopy.
2001 Nov
Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver.
2001 Nov-Dec
Role of adenosine in renal protection induced by a brief episode of ischemic preconditioning in rats.
2001 Oct
Methotrexate suppresses NF-kappaB activation through inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation.
2001 Sep 1
Determination of theophylline by HPLC and GC-IDMS, the effect of chemically similar xanthine derivatives on the specificity of the method and the possibility of paracetamol as interfering substance.
2002
Simultaneous determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline by high-performance liquid chromatography.
2002 Jan
Activation of adenosine A2a receptor pathway reduces leukocyte infiltration but enhances edema formation in rat caerulein pancreatitis.
2002 Jan
Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by adenosine in BSC-40 cells: involvement of A(2) receptor-mediated PKA activation.
2002 Jul
Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization.
2002 Jul 18
Enhanced analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases by the use of double-strand polyaniline coatings in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
2002 Jun
Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single-dose dietary supplement use.
2002 Jun
Synergistic up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in murine macrophages by adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists and endotoxin.
2002 Jun
The involvement of nitric oxide on the adenosine A(2) receptor-induced cardiovascular inhibitory responses in the posterior hypothalamus of rats.
2002 Jun 21
Selective solid-phase extraction sorbent for caffeine made by molecular imprinting.
2002 Mar 1
Cocaine withdrawal severity and urine toxicology results from treatment entry predict outcome in medication trials for cocaine dependence.
2002 Mar-Apr
Adenosine inhibits calcium channel currents via A1 receptors on salamander retinal ganglion cells in a mini-slice preparation.
2002 May
Spinal noradrenergic activation mediates allodynia reduction from an allosteric adenosine modulator in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
2002 May
Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) synthesis in leaves of a Chinese tea, kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha).
2002 May
Glucan stimulates human dermal fibroblast collagen biosynthesis through a nuclear factor-1 dependent mechanism.
2002 May-Jun
Chocolate feeding of pregnant mice influences length of limbs of their progeny.
2003
RNA binding efficacy of theophylline, theobromine and caffeine.
2003 Apr
De-intercalation of ethidium bromide and acridine orange by xanthine derivatives and their modulatory effect on anticancer agents: a study of DNA-directed toxicity enlightened by time correlated single photon counting.
2003 Apr
Effect of naturally occurring plant phenolics on the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by o-toluidine.
2003 Apr 15
Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) promotes human osteoblast proliferation: a new proposal for bone tissue repair.
2003 Aug 29
Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues.
2003 Feb
Researching on new species of "Mate": Ilex brevicuspis: phytochemical and pharmacology study.
2003 Jan
Regional differences in the adenosine A(2) receptor-mediated modulation of contractions in rat vas deferens.
2003 Jan 24
Intraspinal adenosine induces spinal cord norepinephrine release in spinal nerve-ligated rats but not in normal or sham controls.
2003 Jun
Producing decaffeinated coffee plants.
2003 Jun 19
Endogenous adenosine prevents post-tetanic release facilitation mediated by alpha3beta2 nicotinic autoreceptors.
2003 Mar 19
Study on the paper substrate room temperature phosphorescence of theobromine, caffeine and theophylline and analytical application.
2003 May
Adenosine A1 receptor activation reduces myocardial reperfusion effects on intrinsic cardiac nervous system.
2003 May
Inhibition of caffeine biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) plants by ribavirin.
2003 Nov 20
Adenosinergic protection of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons against mitochondrial inhibition through receptors located in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively.
2003 Nov 26
Study on inclusion complex of cyclodextrin with methyl xanthine derivatives by fluorimetry.
2003 Oct
Purine alkaloids in Paullinia.
2003 Oct
Adenosine kinase inhibitors. 3. Synthesis, SAR, and antiinflammatory activity of a series of l-lyxofuranosyl nucleosides.
2003 Oct 23
Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of caffeine, theobromine and xanthine.
2003 Sep
Patents

Sample Use Guides

1 tablet (500 mg of theobromide sodium acetate) 3–4 times daily
Route of Administration: Oral
Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of early to mid-stage osteogenesis, was elevated in cultures of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells that received 25 uM theobromine and reached a maximal level of stimulation at 50–100 uM theobromine.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 16 17:28:47 UTC 2022
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 16 17:28:47 UTC 2022
Record UNII
OBD445WZ5P
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
THEOBROMINE
EP   FHFI   HSDB   INCI   MART.   MI   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INCI  
Official Name English
3,7-DIHYDRO-3,7-DIMETHYL-1H-PURINE-2,6-DIONE
Systematic Name English
3,7-DIMETHYLXANTHINE
Systematic Name English
THEOBROMINE [MI]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINUM
HPUS  
Common Name English
FEMA NO. 3591
Code English
THEOBROMINUM [HPUS]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
THEOSALVOSE
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [FHFI]
Common Name English
PENTOXIFYLLINE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
SC-15090
Code English
CAFFEINE MONOHYDRATE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
NSC-5039
Code English
Theobromine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [MART.]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [INCI]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [IARC]
Common Name English
THEOBROMINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
XANTHEOSE
Common Name English
SANTHEOSE
Brand Name English
THEOBROMINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
DIUROBROMINE
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
WHO-ATC R03DA57
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
WHO-VATC QC03BD01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
WHO-ATC R03DA07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
WHO-VATC QR03DA57
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
WHO-VATC QR03DA07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
DSLD 2375 (Number of products:275)
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
NCI_THESAURUS C319
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
WHO-ATC C03BD01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
Code System Code Type Description
EVMPD
SUB15511MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
CAS
83-67-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C87684
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
RXCUI
10437
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY RxNorm
GRAS Notification (GRN No.)
340
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
2618
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
CHEBI
28946
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
OBD445WZ5P
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1114
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
5429
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
OBD445WZ5P
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
THEOBROMINE
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
201-494-2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
MESH
D013805
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
NSC
5039
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
HSDB
7332
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
M10703
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY Merck Index
EPA CompTox
DTXSID9026132
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB01412
Created by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 16 17:28:48 UTC 2022
PRIMARY
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