U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Molecular Formula C9H13NO
Molecular Weight 151.2056
Optical Activity ( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters 2 / 2
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE

SMILES

C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1

InChI

InChIKey=DLNKOYKMWOXYQA-CBAPKCEASA-N
InChI=1S/C9H13NO/c1-7(10)9(11)8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-7,9,11H,10H2,1H3/t7-,9-/m0/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI
Molecular Formula C9H13NO
Molecular Weight 151.2056
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 2 / 2
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including http://www.druginfosys.com/drug.aspx?drugcode=569&type=1 | https://www.drugs.com/dosage/phenylpropanolamine.html | https://www.petcarerx.com/medication-guides/about-the-proin-dosage-for-urinary-incontinence/1086?page=all | https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/02/20/2014-03596/phenylpropanolamine-withdrawal-of-approval-of-13-new-drug-applications-and-7-abbreviated-new-drug

(+)-Phenylpropanolamine is an enantiomer of propanolamine. The substance has low adrenergic activity and exerts measurable physiological effect only at high doses, which were lethal to experimental animals tested. Phenylpropanolamine belongs to the sympathomimetic amine class of drugs and is structurally related to ephedrine. The effects of phenylpropanolamine are largely the result of alpha-adrenergic agonist activity resulting from both direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors and release of neuronal norepinephrine. Phenylpropanolamine containing products has been withdrawn by FDA due to the association of phenylpropanolamine use with increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

CNS Activity

Originator

Mannich, C.|Jacobsohn, W.
9
Sources: C. Mannich and W. Jacobsohn, Ber., 43, 189 (1910).
Curator's Comment: reference retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099542808601719?via%3Dihub

Approval Year

1941
190
Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Agonist
2662
Agonist
2662
Agonist
2662
 9.8 µM [Ki]
Agonist
2662
 280.0 µM [EC50]
Agonist
2662
 8.4 µM [Ki]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Not Provided
503
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Primary
Not Provided
503
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Primary
Withdrawn
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE

Approved Use

Phenylpropanolamine (HCl) is mainly used as a nasal decongestant. Phenylpropanolamine (HCl) is also used as anorexiant in obesity
Primary
Withdrawn
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE

Approved Use

Phenylpropanolamine (HCl) is mainly used as a nasal decongestant. Phenylpropanolamine (HCl) is also used as anorexiant in obesity
Primary
Withdrawn
CODAMINE

Approved Use

Unknown

Launch Date

9.700992E11
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
107 ng/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361053/
25 mg single, oral
dose: 25 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1104 ng × h/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361053/
25 mg single, oral
dose: 25 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
4 h
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361053/
25 mg single, oral
dose: 25 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
225 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 225 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 225 mg
Co-administed with::
brompheniramine, p.o(36 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901355
Page: p.825
healthy, 14
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Age Group: 14
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901355
Page: p.825
Disc. AE: Cardiomyopathy...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Cardiomyopathy
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901355
Page: p.825
25 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 25 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 25 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734532
Page: p.100
healthy, 25
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 25
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734532
Page: p.100
Disc. AE: Myocardial infarction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Myocardial infarction
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734532
Page: p.100
2000 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2000 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2000 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(8 g, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
unhealthy, 31
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Schizophrenia
Age Group: 31
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
Disc. AE: Vomiting, Hypertension...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Vomiting
Hypertension
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
150 mg single, oral
Recommended
Dose: 150 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 150 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(280 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
healthy, 56
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 56
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
Disc. AE: Headache, Vomiting...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Headache (severe)
Vomiting
Intracranial hemorrhage
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Cardiomyopathy Disc. AE
225 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 225 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 225 mg
Co-administed with::
brompheniramine, p.o(36 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901355
Page: p.825
healthy, 14
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Age Group: 14
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901355
Page: p.825
Myocardial infarction Disc. AE
25 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 25 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 25 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734532
Page: p.100
healthy, 25
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 25
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734532
Page: p.100
Hypertension Disc. AE
2000 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2000 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2000 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(8 g, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
unhealthy, 31
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Schizophrenia
Age Group: 31
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
Vomiting Disc. AE
2000 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2000 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2000 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(8 g, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
unhealthy, 31
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Schizophrenia
Age Group: 31
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7055513
Page: p.52
Intracranial hemorrhage Disc. AE
150 mg single, oral
Recommended
Dose: 150 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 150 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(280 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
healthy, 56
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 56
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
Vomiting Disc. AE
150 mg single, oral
Recommended
Dose: 150 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 150 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(280 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
healthy, 56
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 56
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
Headache severe
Disc. AE
150 mg single, oral
Recommended
Dose: 150 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 150 mg
Co-administed with::
caffeine, p.o(280 mg, single)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
healthy, 56
n = 1
Health Status: healthy
Condition: Weight control
Age Group: 56
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002267
Page: p.510
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
ChemIDplus
67244900
https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/id/0067244900
PubChem
118984428
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/118984428
Wikidata
Q27274344
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Phenylpropanolamine-associated headache.
1985 Apr
Intracranial hemorrhages due to phenylpropanolamine.
1985 May-Jun
[Cerebral hemorrhage associated with the use of phenylpropanolamine. Clinical cases].
1996 Dec
The overactive bladder in children: a potential future indication for tolterodine.
2001 Apr
Failure of tolterodine to treat clozapine-induced nocturnal enuresis.
2001 Jul-Aug
Clarification--Drug risk in patients with glaucoma.
2001 Jun 11
The effect of tolterodine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel.
2001 Nov
Pharmacological properties of A-204176, a novel and selective alpha1A adrenergic agonist, in in vitro and in vivo models of urethral function.
2001 Nov 30
Intense and recurrent déjà vu experiences related to amantadine and phenylpropanolamine in a healthy male.
2001 Sep
Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia.
2002 Jan 1
A possible trend suggesting increased abuse from Coricidin exposures reported to the Texas Poison Network: comparing 1998 to 1999.
2002 Jun
Treatment of overactive bladder: the Antimuscarinic Clinical Effectiveness Trial.
2002 Oct
HPLC determination of phenylpropanolamine in pharmaceutical OTC preparations.
2002 Oct
Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults.
2003
Both alpha1-adrenergic and D(1)-dopaminergic neurotransmissions are involved in phenylpropanolamine-mediated feeding suppression in mice.
2003 Aug 21
Intracellular signaling pathways for norepinephrine- and endothelin-1-mediated regulation of myocardial cell apoptosis.
2004 Apr
Hidden amphetamines: from smoking cessation to diabetes.
2004 Feb
Fatal pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with phenylpropanolamine exposure.
2004 Jul
Examination of aqueous oxidized cellulose dispersions as a potential drug carrier. I. Preparation and characterization of oxidized cellulose-phenylpropanolamine complexes.
2004 Oct 8
A validated chiral HPLC method for the enantiomeric separation of tolterodine tartarate.
2004 Sep 3
Pharmacological management of overactive bladder : a systematic and critical review of published economic evaluations.
2005
Tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review.
2005 Apr
Effects of solifenacin succinate (YM905) on detrusor overactivity in conscious cerebral infarcted rats.
2005 Apr 4
Antimuscarinic agents exhibit local inhibitory effects on muscarinic receptors in bladder-afferent pathways.
2005 Feb
Should we switch over to tolterodine in every child with non-neurogenic daytime urinary incontinence in whom oxybutynin failed?
2005 Feb
Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods.
2005 Jun
Juvenile pig detrusor: effects of propiverine and three of its metabolites.
2005 Nov 7
Enantiomeric determination of ephedrines and norephedrines by chiral derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches.
2005 Oct 15
Nighttime dosing with tolterodine reduces overactive bladder-related nocturnal micturitions in patients with overactive bladder and nocturia.
2006 Apr
[Comment on the STAR study: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of solifenacin and tolterodine retard in the treatment of overactive bladder].
2006 Jul
Tolterodine extended release improves patient-reported outcomes in overactive bladder: results from the IMPACT trial.
2006 Jun
Comparative evaluation of efficacy of use of tamsulosin and/or tolterodine for medical treatment of distal ureteral stones.
2007 Apr
Mixed urinary incontinence: continuing to confound?
2007 Dec
The nonmedical use of prescription ADHD medications: results from a national Internet panel.
2007 Oct 31
Effect of tolterodine on sleep structure modulated by CYP2D6 genotype.
2008 Jul
How many drugs for LUTS due to BPH are too many?
2008 Sep
Asymmetric conjugate reductions of coumarins. A new route to tolterodine and related coumarin derivatives.
2009 Dec 3
Keep an eye on the pupil: developing countries under chemical attack.
2009 Jun
Transdermal delivery of tolterodine by O-acylmenthol: In vitro/in vivo correlation.
2009 Jun 5
Mean arterial pressure: therapeutic goals and pharmacologic support.
2010 Apr
Development of a list of potentially inappropriate drugs for the korean elderly using the delphi method.
2010 Dec
Transobturator vaginal tape inside out for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: preliminary results in 7 female dogs.
2010 Dec
Cystoscopic diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 16 cases (2005-2008).
2010 Jul 15
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with tolterodine therapy.
2010 May
Patents

Patents

JP2000516204A
66
JP2001335473A
9
JP2003511458A
17
JP2007513168A
10
JPH02133A
9
JPH10203971A
9
JPS59184168A
9

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Usual Adult Dose for Nasal Congestion 25 mg orally every 4 hours. -or- 75 mg orally extended release every 12 hours. Not to exceed 150 mg/day. Usual Adult Dose for Weight Loss 25 mg orally 3 times a day, one-half hour before meals. -or- 75 mg orally extended release once a day in the morning. The use of phenylpropanolamine for weight loss should be limited to 12 weeks.
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: phenylpropanolamine inhibits platelet aggregation
Unknown
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
Record UNII
33RU150WUN
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Related Record Type
Name Type Language
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
HSDB   INN   MART.   MI   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INN  
Official Name English
PROPADRINE
Common Name English
RINEXIN
Brand Name English
NSC-9920
Code English
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [MI]
Common Name English
FANSIA
Brand Name English
BENZENEMETHANOL, .ALPHA.-(1-AMINOETHYL)-, (R*,S*)-, (±)-
Common Name English
Phenylpropanolamine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
NOREPHEDRINE
Common Name English
(±)-NOREPHEDRINE
Common Name English
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [MART.]
Common Name English
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
phenylpropanolamine [INN]
Common Name English
SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
PHENYLFENESIN
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
WHO-ATC R01BA01
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
WHO-VATC QR01BA51
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
WHO-VATC QR01BA01
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
DEA NO. 1225
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
WHO-VATC QG04BX91
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
WHO-ATC R01BA51
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C87053
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
CFR 21 CFR 1315.13
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
CFR 21 CFR 1314.20
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
CFR 21 CFR 520.1760
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
Code System Code Type Description
ChEMBL
CHEMBL61006
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
33RU150WUN
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
M8687
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
WIKIPEDIA
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C29364
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
2149
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
INN
4955
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
14838-15-4
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
33RU150WUN
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
8175
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
EVMPD
SUB09790MIG
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
9920
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000082264
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
8104
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
HSDB
6485
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB00397
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
238-900-2
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:31:45 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE MALEATE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION (HUMAN)
BINDER->LIGAND
BINDING
4-METHYLAMINOREX
PARENT->PRECURSOR
Structure of AMPHETAMINE
PARENT->PRECURSOR
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE BITARTRATE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE SULFATE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE, (-)-
ENANTIOMER -> RACEMATE
AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN-CONTAINING) A
METABOLIC ENZYME -> INHIBITOR
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX
SUB_CONCEPT->SUBSTANCE
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE, (+)-
ENANTIOMER -> RACEMATE
Related Record Type Details
Structure of AMPHETAMINE
PARENT -> METABOLITE ACTIVE
Related Record Type Details
Structure of SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
PARENT -> IMPURITY
Related Record Type Details
Structure of PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
ACTIVE MOIETY
Name Property Type Amount Referenced Substance Defining Parameters References
Biological Half-life PHARMACOKINETIC
NIH
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