U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Molecular Formula C9H13N
Molecular Weight 135.2062
Optical Activity ( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of AMPHETAMINE

SMILES

CC(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1

InChI

InChIKey=KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C9H13N
Molecular Weight 135.2062
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity ( + / - )

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.caremark.com/portal/asset/FEP_Rationale_Amphetamine.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539642 http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/amphetamines.asp

Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. At higher dosages, they cause release of dopamine from the mesocorticolimbic system and the nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Amphetamine may also act as a direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the periphery, amphetamines are believed to cause the release of noradrenaline by acting on the adrenergic nerve terminals and alpha- and beta-receptors. Modulation of serotonergic pathways may contribute to the calming affect. The drug interacts with VMAT enzymes to enhance release of DA and 5-HT from vesicles. It may also directly cause the reversal of DAT and SERT. Several currently prescribed amphetamine formulations contain both enantiomers, including Adderall, Dyanavel XR, and Evekeo, the last of which is racemic amphetamine sulfate. Amphetamine is also prescribed in enantiopure and prodrug form as dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine respectively. Lisdexamfetamine is structurally different from amphetamine, and is inactive until it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Amphetamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier to reach their primary sites of action in the brain. The acute administration of amphetamine produces a wide range of dose-dependent behavioral changes, including increased arousal or wakefulness, anorexia, hyperactivity, perseverative movements, and, in particular, a state of pleasurable affect, elation, and euphoria, which can lead to the abuse of the drug.

Originator

Curator's Comment: Although a Japanese scientist called Mr. A Ogata, was the first to synthesize methamphetamine in 1919, it wasn’t until 1930 that it was realized that amphetamines raised the blood pressure. https://blackpoppymag.wordpress.com/substances/dexedrine-dexamphetamine/

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
DYANAVEL XR

Approved Use

INDICATIONS Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV®) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; “on the go;” excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met. Special Diagnostic Considerations: Specific etiology of this syndrome is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the child and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV® characteristics. Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program: Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all children with this syndrome. Stimulants are not intended for use in the child who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe stimulant medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms. Long-Term Use: The effectiveness of Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for long-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials. Therefore, the physician who elects to use Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Launch Date

2015
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
120 ng/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1727 ng × h/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
7.9 h
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer







Drug as perpetrator​Drug as victim

Drug as victim

Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Effect of chronic amphetamine exposure on stereotyped behavior: implications for pathogenesis of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias.
1975
Death in amphetamine users: causes and rates.
1975 Feb 8
Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.
1975 Jul 7
Activation of neostriatal dopaminergic system in rats prevents toxic effects of picrotoxin administered into globus pallidus.
2000 Aug
A comparison of the patterns of striatal Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by various dopamine agonists in rats.
2000 Aug 4
[Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage after amphetamine intake].
2000 Jul 31
Amphetamine abuse during pregnancy: environmental factors and outcome after 14-15 years.
2000 Jun
Lack of effect of repeated treatment with a glycineB receptor partial agonist on the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats.
2000 May-Jun
Delivery of a GDNF gene into the substantia nigra after a progressive 6-OHDA lesion maintains functional nigrostriatal connections.
2000 Nov
Amphetamine-induced toxicity in dopamine terminals in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice: complex roles for oxygen-based species and temperature regulation.
2001
Evaluation of the alpha2C-adrenoceptor as a neuropsychiatric drug target studies in transgenic mouse models.
2001 Apr 6
SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety.
2001 Aug
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: beyond controversy.
2001 Aug
Efficacy of a mixed amphetamine salts compound in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Aug
Stability of Adderall in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
2001 Aug 1
Developmental aspects of psychostimulant treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Dec
Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the change of feeding behavior induced by repeated treatment of amphetamine.
2001 Dec 7
[Myocardial infarction caused by amphetamine].
2001 Feb
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in an amphetamine hyperactivity model of mania.
2001 Feb
Effects of drugs of abuse on response accuracy and bias under a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in squirrel monkeys.
2001 Jul
Adderall and the FDA.
2001 Jul
Evaluation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in adult +/+ and +/- BDNF mutant mice.
2001 Jul
Acute myocardial infarction caused by amphetamines: a case report and review of the literature.
2001 Jun
Adderall, the atypicals, and weight gain.
2001 Jun
Induction of tolerance to the suppressant effect of the neurotensin analogue NT69L on amphetamine-induced hyperactivity.
2001 Jun 22
Mutant mice lacking the cholecystokinin2 receptor show a dopamine-dependent hyperactivity and a behavioral sensitization to morphine.
2001 Jun 22
Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons.
2001 Mar
Lobeline inhibits the neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine.
2001 Mar
Locomotor effects of acute and repeated threshold doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate: relative roles of dopamine and norepinephrine.
2001 Mar
Short-term cardiovascular effects of methylphenidate and adderall.
2001 May
SLI381: a long-acting psychostimulant preparation for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Nov
Pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: expected-cost analysis.
2001 Nov
Cholecystokinin2 receptor-deficient mice display altered function of brain dopaminergic system.
2001 Nov
Differentially altered mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA expression in rat caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens in the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to repeated amphetamine administration.
2001 Sep 1
Maturational increases in c-fos expression in the ascending dopamine systems.
2001 Sep 15
Retrospective comparison of Adderall and methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Spring
Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a reanalysis using drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve methodology.
2001 Summer
The effects of delayed rewards, tokens, and stimulant medication on sportsmanlike behavior with ADHD-diagnosed children.
2002 Apr
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of SLI381 (Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2002 Aug
Synthesis and D(2)-like binding affinity of new derivatives of N-(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]indole-3-carboxamide and related 4H-[1]benzothiopyrano[4,3-b]pyrrole and 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[b]pyrrole-3-carboxamide analogues.
2002 Aug
Cocaine and amphetamine depress striatal GABAergic synaptic transmission through D2 dopamine receptors.
2002 Feb
Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells.
2002 Jul
24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in male children receiving stimulant therapy.
2002 Jul-Aug
Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve analysis of a naturalistic study.
2002 Jun
Cocaine and amphetamine attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in opioid-dependent rhesus monkeys.
2002 Jun
CaMKII regulates amphetamine-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons.
2002 Jun 12
The effect of nitrostyrene on cell proliferation and macrophage immune responses.
2002 May
Efficacy of Adderall for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a meta-analysis.
2002 Sep
Effect of amphetamine repeated treatment on the feeding behavior in neuropeptide Y-overexpressing mice.
2002 Sep 6
Case series: Adderall augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder.
2002 Summer
Patents

Sample Use Guides

DYANAVEL XR (R (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension) should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR. In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increase
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Amph increases the effects induced by βPEA on the LGC-55, indicating that Amph potentiates the effects generated by the biogenic amine βPEA
β-Phenylethylamine (βPEA) activates the amine-gated chloride channel LGC-55 more efficiently than amphetamine (Amph) (Km = 9 and 152 μm, respectively)
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
Record UNII
CK833KGX7E
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
AMPHETAMINE
HSDB   MI   VANDF  
Systematic Name English
SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
NSC-27159
Code English
ADZENYS XR-ODT
Brand Name English
amfetamine [INN]
Common Name English
(±)-.ALPHA.-METHYLPHENETHYLAMINE
Systematic Name English
NOREPHEDRANE
Common Name English
AMFETAMIN
Brand Name English
AMFETAMINE [MART.]
Common Name English
1-PHENYL-2-AMINOPROPANE
Systematic Name English
.BETA.-AMINOPROPYLBENZENE
Systematic Name English
BENZENEETHANAMINE, .ALPHA.-METHYL-, (±)-
Systematic Name English
DYANAVEL
Brand Name English
AMPHETAMINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
AMFETAMINE
INN   MART.   WHO-DD  
INN  
Official Name English
Amfetamine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE, DL-
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
MYDAYIS (MIXED SALTS OF A SINGLE ENTITY)
Brand Name English
ADZENYS ER
Brand Name English
AMPHETAMINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE [MI]
Common Name English
(±)-DESOXYNOREPHEDRINE
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
CFR 21 CFR 250.101
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
LIVERTOX 50
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175729
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QN06BA01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C47795
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
DEA NO. 1100
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC N06BA01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
CFR 21 CFR 862.3100
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 405313
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
DEA NO. 7401
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175739
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
CFR 21 CFR 310.502
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
NCI_THESAURUS
C62006
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
27159
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
195
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
300-62-9
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4022600
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
D000661
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
2679
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
HSDB
3287
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
AMPHETAMINE
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m1849
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
DRUG BANK
DB00182
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
4804
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
3007
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Amphetamine
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
INN
377
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
CK833KGX7E
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB05418MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
206-096-2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
CK833KGX7E
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
INCB IDS CODE
PA 003
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000087217
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL405
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
725
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:03:20 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
Related Record Type Details
TRANSPORTER -> SUBSTRATE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
TARGET -> AGONIST
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
METABOLIC ENZYME -> INHIBITOR
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
BINDER->LIGAND
BINDING
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
TRANSPORTER -> SUBSTRATE
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
TRANSPORTER -> SUBSTRATE
TARGET -> AGONIST
Related Record Type Details
METABOLITE ACTIVE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
PARENT -> METABOLITE
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE ACTIVE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
METABOLITE -> PARENT
PARENT -> METABOLITE ACTIVE
MAJOR
URINE
METABOLITE -> PARENT
Related Record Type Details
PARENT -> IMPURITY
UNSPECIFIED
EP
IMPURITY -> PARENT
IMPURITY -> PARENT
IMPURITY -> PARENT
IMPURITY -> PARENT
IMPURITY -> PARENT
IMPURITY -> PARENT
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY
Name Property Type Amount Referenced Substance Defining Parameters References
Volume of Distribution PHARMACOKINETIC