U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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There is one exact (name or code) match for ascorbic acid

 
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin. It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic taste. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro-oxidant in pathological conditions. Oxidized ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) directly inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta (IKKbeta) and IKKalpha enzymatic activity in vitro, whereas ascorbic acid did not have this effect. These findings define a function for vitamin C in signal transduction other than as an antioxidant and mechanistically illuminate how vitamin C down-modulates NF-kappaB signaling. Vitamin C is recommended for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. Its parenteral administration is desirable for patients with an acute deficiency or for those whose absorption of orally ingested ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is uncertain. Symptoms of mild deficiency may include faulty bone and tooth development, gingivitis, bleeding gums, and loosened teeth. Febrile states, chronic illness, and infection (pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, sinusitis, rheumatic fever, etc.) increase the need for ascorbic acid (vitamin c). Hemovascular disorders, burns, delayed fracture and wound healing are indications for an increase in the daily intake.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin. It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic taste. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro-oxidant in pathological conditions. Oxidized ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) directly inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta (IKKbeta) and IKKalpha enzymatic activity in vitro, whereas ascorbic acid did not have this effect. These findings define a function for vitamin C in signal transduction other than as an antioxidant and mechanistically illuminate how vitamin C down-modulates NF-kappaB signaling. Vitamin C is recommended for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. Its parenteral administration is desirable for patients with an acute deficiency or for those whose absorption of orally ingested ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is uncertain. Symptoms of mild deficiency may include faulty bone and tooth development, gingivitis, bleeding gums, and loosened teeth. Febrile states, chronic illness, and infection (pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, sinusitis, rheumatic fever, etc.) increase the need for ascorbic acid (vitamin c). Hemovascular disorders, burns, delayed fracture and wound healing are indications for an increase in the daily intake.
Gavinostat is an orally bioavailable hydroxymate inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Gavinostat inhibits class I and class II HDACs, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. At low, nonapoptotic concentrations, this agent inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and interferon-gamma. It is currently in phase 2 trials for Myeloproliferative disorders, Polycythaemia vera and Phase III for Duchenne muscular dystrophy announced. In clinical trials of givinostat as a salvage therapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma, the most common adverse reactions were fatigue, mild diarrhea or abdominal pain, moderate thrombocytopenia, and mild leukopenia.
Sulopenem is a thiolanylthiopenem derivative patented by American multinational pharmaceutical corporation Pfizer Inc as an antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Sulopenem showed concentration-dependent bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Morphological observation using a phase-contrast microscope revealed that sulopenem induced spherical cell formation with E. coli and K. pneumoniae at lower concentrations and bacteriolysis at higher concentrations. Therapeutic efficacies of sulopenem against systemic infections in mice were almost equal to those of imipenem against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Vorasidenib (also known as AG 881) was developed as an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) type 1 in the cytoplasm and type 2 in the mitochondria, with potential antineoplastic activity. It is known that IDH is an essential enzyme for cellular respiration in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Vorasidenib participated in phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies and in gliomas.
Elafibranor (GFT505) is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ. GFT505 has an active metabolite, GFT1007, and both have potent agonist activity for PPAR-a and to a lesser extent for PPAR-d. Elafibranor improves insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation. Elafibranor (GFT505) reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to prevent fibrosis progression. With an outstanding safety and tolerance profile, elafibranor provides NASH patients with needed cardio-protective benefits. Elafibranor is currently being evaluated in the clinical Phase 3 study RESOLVE-IT. The safety profile of GFT505 from the completed clinical trials appears satisfactory with no indication of PPAR-g agonist effects such as edema or body weight gain.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



Landiolol (Onoact) is an intravenously administered, ultra short-acting β1-blocker with an elimination half-life of 3-4 min and ≈8-fold greater cardioselectivity than esmolol in vitro. It is approved in Japan for the treatment of intraoperative and postoperative tachyarrhythmias, but in clinical practice is also used to prevent postoperative tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Randomized controlled trials in patients undergoing open-heart surgery demonstrated that various dosages of landiolol (0.0005-0.04 mg/kg/min) [0.5-40 μg/kg/min] were more effective than diltiazem in converting postoperative atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm during the first 8 h after surgery, and were more effective than placebo (or no landiolol) in preventing the development of atrial fibrillation during the first week after surgery (primary efficacy endpoints). Landiolol was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with a relatively low risk of hypotension and bradycardia, although routine monitoring of cardiac function during landiolol administration is important. In general, adverse events such as reduced blood pressure resolve quickly after discontinuation of landiolol. Thus, as an ultra short-acting β1-blocker with a rapid onset of action and readily titratable and rapidly reversible effects, landiolol represents an important agent for the management of intraoperative and postoperative tachyarrhythmias.
MBX-8025 (Seladelpar) is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. MBX-8025 improves insulin sensitivity and reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic storage of lipotoxic lipids to improve nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology in atherogenic diet-fed obese diabetic mice. MBX-8025 improves lipoprotein subfractions associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. CymaBay Therapeutics is developing MBX-8025 for the treatment of patients with the autoimmune liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Momelotinib (CYT387) is an ATP-competitive small molecule that potently inhibits JAK1/JAK2 kinases. Momelotinib is developing by Gilead Sciences for the oral treatment of pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancers, and myeloproliferative disorders (including myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythaemia and polycythaemia vera).