Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester belongs to local hemostatics. It is an antihemorrhagic agent.

Potassium Trihydrogen Dioxalate is a Potassium salt used in photography, marble grinding, and in metal polishing. Potassium Trihydrogen Dioxalate is strongly irritating to eyes, mucous and gastrointestinal tract. Potassium Trihydrogen Dioxalate may cause cardiac failure and death after oral administration

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is mainly metabolized to an anti-inflammatory eicosanoid, prostaglandin (PG) E1, via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. DGLA exists widely in the human body and daily animal-source foods. Concentrations of DGLA in the serum of atopic dermatitis patients are lower than those in healthy volunteers. DGLA suppressed clinical severity of skin lesions dose-dependently, with an increase in DGLA contents in phospholipids of skin, spleen, and plasma. Discontinuation of DGLA administration resulted in the onset of dermatitis and a decrease in DGLA contents in skin, spleen, and plasma. These findings indicate that oral administration of DGLA effectively prevents the development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. DGLA may have an anti-atherosclerotic effect in apoE-deficient mice via PGE1 formation. As dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid compete for processing by these oxidation enzymes, introduction of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid to platelets is correlated to suppression of arachidonic acid metabolites and promotion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid metabolites such as PGE1, which produces an antithrombotic effect.

Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid or 3HIA) is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid serves as a sensitive indicator of marginal biotin deficiency in humans. The variability of the proportion of leucine catabolites excreted as 3HIA suggests substantial population heterogeneity in the metabolic capacity of the 3HIA-carnitine detoxification pathway. In addition, was shown that in type II diabetic patients the catabolism of leucine was accelerated even in the absence of ketosis and that the urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid concentration was a useful marker of short-term metabolic control in these patients.

Glucaric acid is a non-toxic, naturally occurring compound, which is found in small amounts in plants and mammals, including humans. Salts of glucaric acid have potent antiproliferative properties in vivo. The risk of cancer development can be reduced by ingesting food rich in glucaric acid or self-medication with its salts. Glucaric acid inhibits bacterial beta-glucuronidase, thus increasing the excretion of conjugated xenobiotic compounds and decreasing activity of harmful substances. Inhibition of beta-glucuronidase ultimately results in potentially decreasing the risk of carcinogenesis. Calcium salt of the acid demonstrated anti-cancer activity in patients with breast cancer (phase I clinical trial) and in preclinical models of liver, lung, colon and skin cancers. Calcium-D-glucarate is being marketed as a dietary supplement.

Taurocholic acid is a bile acid and is the product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. Taurocholic acid, as with all bile acids, acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic (a bile purging agent). Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine, a nonessential amino acid. Taurocholic acid is one of the main components of urinary nonsulfated bile acids in biliary atresia. Raised levels of the bile acid taurocholate in the fetal serum in obstetric cholestasis may result in the development of a fetal dysrhythmia and in sudden intra-uterine death. In medical use, it is administered as a cholagogue and choleretic. Taurocholic acid is a potent TGR5 ligand, and in dogs, colonic perfusion with TCA induces PYY secretion. TCA enemas could stimulate GLP-1 and PYY secretion in obese patients with type 2 diabetes receiving the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, sitagliptin. Satiogen Pharmaceuticals is developing rectally administered taurocholic acid, a bile acid, for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (GABOB) is an endogenous ligand found in the central nervous system in mammals. γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA. It has been claimed to be of value in neurological disorders and to have an antihypertensive effect. γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid can help overcome stress and anxiety, improve learning and boost memory function. It is also known to increase growth hormone levels, which help the body heal and rejuvenate itself. There are no reported side effects of γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid when taken at therapeutic dosages. At high dosages, some slight drowsiness may occur. Adverse effects have included dizziness and anorexia also.

Disodium iminodiacetate is a salt of iminodiacetic acid (IDA). The iminodiacetate anion can act as a tridentate ligand to form a metal complex with two, fused, five-membered chelate rings. Iminodiacetic acid is used to diagnose problems of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts in an imaging procedure, called as hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan. A nuclear medicine scanner tracks the flow of the tracer from the liver into the gallbladder and small intestine and creates computer images. In addition, iminodiacetate is a part of the iminodiacetate-modified poly-L-lysine dendrimer (IMPLD), a fluorescent bone-imaging agent. IMPLD is used in the diagnosis of bone tumors, or to be used for the delivery of chemotherapy drugs or therapeutic agents. Bones differ from other body tissues in their unique calcium mineral composition, which consists mainly of hydroxyapatite (HA). IDA functionalization could be used as a general approach to bone targeting by increasing affinity for HA, enabling the transport of other molecules or particles to bones.