Docusate, also known as docusate salts or dioctyl sulfosuccinate, prevents/relieves dry hard stool and thus is used to treat constipation. Results usually occurs 1 to 3 days after the first dose. In North America, docusate and a stimulant laxative such as sennosides are commonly used in bowel treatment protocols associated with institutionalized elderly and oncology treatments. A paucity of evidence is available to support the use of the stool softener docusate yet it continues to be prescribed in everyday clinical practice for the aforementioned populations. While the actual cost of docusate is low, additional costs associated with its administration (i.e. nursing time) and its widespread use can be significant. Docusate is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted via the gallbladder after undergoing extensive metabolism. The effect of docusate may not necessarily be all due to its surfactant properties. Perfusion studies suggest that docusate inhibits fluid absorption or stimulates secretion in the portion of the small intestine known as the jejunum

HYDROXYDIONE is a neuroactive steroid used formerly as a general anesthetic. It was discontinued due to a high incidence of post-anesthetic thrombophlebitis, delayed onset of anesthesia and an unacceptably long duration of action.

Trimethaphan (or Trimethaphan camsylate), a ganglionic blocking agent and an antihypertensive drug, was marketed under the brand name Arfonad. Arfonad is indicated to induce systemic arterial hypotension in patients undergoing major surgery and to treat severe systemic hypertension, and in the emergency treatment of pulmonary edema in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with systemic hypertension. Trimethaphan prevents stimulation of postsynaptic receptors by competing with acetylcholine for these receptor sites. Additional effects may include direct peripheral vasodilation and release of histamine. This drug was discontinued because of the competition from newer drugs that are more selective in their actions and effects.

Protoveratrine A, the principal alkaloid of Veratrum album, has been used in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

Protoveratrine A, the principal alkaloid of Veratrum album, has been used in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

Protoveratrine A, the principal alkaloid of Veratrum album, has been used in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

Protoveratrine A, the principal alkaloid of Veratrum album, has been used in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

Phenyltoloxamine is an ethanolamine derivative with antihistaminic property, which is used in combination with some analgesics for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains associated with headache; backache; muscular aches; temporarily reduces fever and some others disorders. Phenyltoloxamine blocks H1 histamine receptor, thereby inhibiting phospholipase A2 and production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide. Subsequent lack of activation of guanylyl cyclase through nitric oxide results in decreased cyclic GMP levels, thereby inhibiting smooth muscle constriction of various tissues, decreasing capillary permeability and decreasing other histamine-activated allergic reactions.

Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug, which binds to and inactivates cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin synthase through peroxide (H2O2) mediated deactivation. The reduced production of prostaglandin leads to reduced inflammation of the surrounding tissues. Phenylbutazone was marked under the brand name butazolidin for the treatment rheumatoid arthritis and gout, but then this usage was discontinued. In addition, phenylbutazone is used in UK for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, but only in those cases, when other therapies are unsuitable.

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was first isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. The drug was subsequently chemically synthesized. It has both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect; in the usual therapeutic concentrations it is bacteriostatic. Chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of serious gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic infections. It is especially useful in the treatment of meningitis, typhoid fever, and cystic fibrosis. It should be reserved for infections for which other drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. Chloramphenicol, a small inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, is active against a variety of bacteria and readily enters the CSF. It has been used extensively in the last decades for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. In industrialized countries, chloramphenicol is restricted mostly to topical uses because of the risk of induction of aplastic anemia. However, it remains a valuable reserve antibiotic for patients with allergy to β-lactam antibiotics or with CNS infections caused by multiresistant pathogens.