Cerium is a grey metal. It is little used because it tarnishes easily, reacts with water and burns when heated. Cerium is the major component of mischmetal alloy (just under 50%). The best-known use for this alloy is in ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters. This is because cerium will make sparks when struck. The only other element that does this is iron. Cerium(Ill) oxide has uses as a catalyst. It is used in the inside walls of self-cleaning ovens to prevent the build-up of cooking residues. It is also used in catalytic converters. Cerium(III) oxide nanoparticles are being studied as an additive for diesel fuel to help it burn more completely and reduce exhaust emissions. Cerium sulfide is a non-toxic compound that is a rich red color. It is used as a pigment. Cerium is also used in flat-screen TVs, low-energy light bulbs and floodlights. A cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) has a wide range of applications in different fields, especially biomedical division. As a matter of concern, it has a major impact on the human health and environment. Nanoceria was toxic towards human cancer cell lines. They can lead to the release of free radicals and oxidative stress ultimately leading to cell membrane damage and lipid peroxidation. However, ROS mediated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Finally, nanoceria can be used for several biomedical applications mostly for ROS related diseases like cardiac diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. So, the ROS scavenging nanoceria can be considered as an alternative therapy for oxidative stress and several diseases and disorders.

N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride is a benzenesulfonyl chloride derivative used as intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and organic compounds. N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride is also used in the synthesis of N,N-dimethylsulfanilamide as the internal standard in the reaction. The reaction is used to determine tramadol and its O-demethylated metabolite in blood plasma.

Clonitazene is a synthetic opioid analgesic, structurally related to etonitazene. In the USA clonitazene is a schedule I narcotic controlled substance.

RO4929097 (R-4733) is a small-molecule inhibitor of gamma-secretase (γ-secretase) with high oral bioavailability leading to the blockade of Notch signaling in tumor cells. This compound was co-developed by Roche and National Cancer Institute (NCI). RO4929097 had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of melanoma, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. However, these researches has been discontinued. Combination of RO4929097 and bevacizumab was well tolerated in phase I of clinical trial and can be considered in patients with recurrent malignant glioma.

Rimeporide (EMD-87580) is an Na/H-exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibitor and was initially developed for heart failure. This compound reduces the development of both necrosis and hypertrophy, and it was shown to prevent early death in hereditary cardiomyopathy. Rimeporide regulates sodium, pH, calcium overload, reduces inflammation in several muscles, and decreases skeletal, diaphragm and cardiac fibrosis, and muscle cell degeneration. It was therefore further developed as a drug for treatment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other muscular dystrophies. Rimeporide is expected to act as a muscle-sparing agent. A phase I study has been completed in 2018.

Trelanserin, also known as SL-650472, is a serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors antagonist. It was predicted to be histamine receptor H1 antagonist too. Trelanserin blocked serotonin-induced increases in blood pressure, rate pressure product and circumflex coronary artery flow and reduced serotonin-induced ischemic myocardial segment length shortening. Thus, trelanserin opposes serotonin-induced myocardial dysfunction in a dog model of exercise-induced ischemia. Trelanserin also blocked sumatriptan-induced vasoconstriction in ischemic and normally perfused hindlimbs in dogs.

Imiloxan is a highly selective alpha2B adrenoceptor antagonist and was developed for depression in the 1980s. In Phase 1 clinical trials imiloxan dosing led to hypersensitivity reactions; the molecule's development was discontinued.

Piclozotan (SUN N4057) is a 1,4-benzoxazepine derivative that exhibits sub-nanomolar affinity at serotonin 1A receptor with good selectivity over dopamine D2 and α1-adrenoceptors. Piclozotan reduced levodopa-induced forelimb hyperkinesia by 55% and 69%, respectively, at 1h relative to the control. Piclozotan significantly lengthened the duration of rotational behavior by 26% versus the control and attenuated the increase in striatal levodopa-derived extracellular dopamine levels. Piclozotan, a serotonin 1A agonist, can improve motor complications in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Piclozotan has been shown to be neuroprotective against ischemic neuronal damage in animal models. Piclozotan had been in phase II for the treatment of stroke. However, this research has been discontinued.