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Restrict the search for
penicillin v
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2005)
Source:
ANDA065191
(2005)
Source URL:
First approved in 1973
Source:
AMOXIL by GLAXOSMITHKLINE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Amoxicillin is one of the widely prescribed antibacterial agents, which was discovered by scientists at Beecham Research Laboratories in 1972. In the US GlaxoSmithKline markets it under the original brand name Amoxil. It is the first line treatment for middle ear infections. It is also used for strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections it is taken by mouth. Amoxicillin inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by preferentially binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are located inside the bacterial cell wall. This results in a formation of defective cell wall and a cell death. Common side effects include nausea and rash. It may also increase the risk of yeast infections and, when used in combination with clavulanic acid, diarrhea. It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1988)
Source:
ANDA062831
(1988)
Source URL:
First approved in 1973
Source:
ANCEF by GLAXOSMITHKLINE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Cefazolin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, cefazolin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. Cefazolin is used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, moderately severe bacterial infections involving the lung, bone, joint, stomach, blood, and urinary tract. It is clinically effective against infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci species of Gram positive bacteria. This drug also can be used for perioperative prophylaxis.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2005)
Source:
ANDA065253
(2005)
Source URL:
First approved in 1971
Source:
KEFLEX by PRAGMA
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Cephalexin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic intended for
oral administration. In vitro tests demonstrate that the cephalosporins are bactericidal because of their inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Cephalexin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in vitro: Staphylococcus aureus (including penicillinase-producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis. Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of the respiratory tract, skin and skin structure, bone and genitourinary tract infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1993)
Source:
ANDA074260
(1993)
Source URL:
First approved in 1970
Source:
LARODOPA by ROCHE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Levodopa (L-DOPA) was first isolated from seedlings of Vicia faba by Marcus Guggenheim in 1913. Levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is an effective and well-tolerated dopamine replacement agent used to treat Parkinson's disease. Oral levodopa has been widely used for over 40 years, often in combination with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, which reduces many treatment complications, extending its half-life and increasing levodopa availability to the brain. Entacapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, can also be used to improve the bioavailability of levodopa, especially when used in conjunction with a carbidopa.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1996)
Source:
ANDA074549
(1996)
Source URL:
First approved in 1970
Source:
NDA016812
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Ketamine (brand name Ketalar) is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Ketalar is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation; also, it is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors through an interaction with sites thought to be located within the ion channel pore region. However, the complete pharmacology of ketamine is more complex, and it is known to directly interact with a variety of other sites to varying degrees. Recently, it was shown that inclusion of the NR3B subunit does not alter the ketamine sensitivity of recombinant NR1/NR2 receptors expressed in oocytes. Likewise, 100 μM ketamine produced only weak inhibition of the glycine-induced current of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors. The side effects of ketamine noted in clinical studies include psychedelic symptoms (hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks), nausea/vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and, in a minority of patients, hepatoxicity. The recreational use of ketamine is increasing and comes with a variety of additional risks ranging from bladder and renal complications to persistent psychotypical behaviour and memory defects. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2022)
Source:
ANDA216845
(2022)
Source URL:
First approved in 1968
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Dicloxacillin sodium USP is a semisynthetic antibiotic substance which resists destruction by the enzyme penicillinase (beta-lactamase). It is monosodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4- isoxazolecarboxamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate monohydrate. Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Dicloxacillin is administered orally via capsule form or powder for reconstitution.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2003)
Source:
ANDA076453
(2003)
Source URL:
First approved in 1965
Source:
NDA021383
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Conditions:
Prilocaine is a local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to lidocaine. Prilocaine binds to the intracellular surface of sodium channels which blocks the subsequent influx of sodium into the cell. Action potential propagation and never function is, therefore, prevented. This block is reversible and when the drug diffuses away from the cell, sodium channel function is restored and nerve propagation returns. Prilocaine acts on sodium channels on the neuronal cell membrane, limiting the spread of seizure activity and reducing seizure propagation. The antiarrhythmic actions are mediated through effects on sodium channels in Purkinje fibers. Currently, Prilocaine is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2012)
Source:
ANDA090580
(2012)
Source URL:
First approved in 1964
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Nafcillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic of penicillin class. As a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, it is used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, in particular, species of staphylococci that are resistant to other penicillins.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1964)
Source:
NDA013174
(1964)
Source URL:
First approved in 1964
Source:
NDA013174
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Triamterene, a relatively weak, potassium-sparing diuretic and antihypertensive, is used in the management of hypokalemia. Triamterene inhibits the epithelial sodium channels on principal cells in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule, which are responsible for 1-2% of total sodium reabsorption. As sodium reabsorption is inhibited, this increases the osmolarity in the nephron lumen and decreases the osmolarity of the interstitium. Since sodium concentration is the main driving force for water reabsorption, triamterene can achieve a modest amount of diuresis by decreasing the osmotic gradient necessary for water reabsorption from lumen to interstitium. Triamterene also has a potassium-sparing effect. Normally, the process of potassium excretion is driven by the electrochemical gradient produced by sodium reabsorption. As sodium is reabsorbed, it leaves a negative potential in the lumen, while producing a positive potential in the principal cell. This potential promotes potassium excretion through apical potassium channels. By inhibiting sodium reabsorption, triamterene also inhibits potassium excretion.Triamterene is used for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and the nephrotic syndrome; also in steroid-induced edema, idiopathic edema, and edema due to secondary hyperaldosteronism. Triamterene is maeketed under the trade name Dyrenium.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1993)
Source:
ANDA062797
(1993)
Source URL:
First approved in 1963
Source:
POLYCILLIN by BRISTOL
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.
