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Restrict the search for
benzyl alcohol
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2020)
Source:
NDA211733
(2020)
Source URL:
First approved in 1974
Source:
MOTRIN by MCNEIL CONSUMER
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Ibuprofen has pharmacologic actions similar to those of other prototypical NSAIAs, which are thought to act through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. It’s used temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to: headache; the common cold; muscular aches; backache; toothache; minor pain of arthritis; menstrual cramps and temporarily reduces fever. The exact mechanism of action of ibuprofen is unknown. Ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme invovled in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Its pharmacological effects are believed to be due to inhibition cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever and swelling. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Inhibition of COX-1 is thought to cause some of the side effects of ibuprofen including GI ulceration. Ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The R-enantiomer undergoes extensive interconversion to the S-enantiomer in vivo. The S-enantiomer is believed to be the more pharmacologically active enantiomer.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2010)
Source:
ANDA090828
(2010)
Source URL:
First approved in 1973
Source:
NDA017376
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic is used for the treatment of initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus. Cultures and susceptibility tests should be performed to determine the susceptibility of the bacteria to trimethoprim. Therapy may be initiated prior to obtaining the results of these tests. Trimethoprim is rapidly absorbed following oral administration. It exists in the blood as unbound, protein-bound, and metabolized forms. Ten to twenty percent of trimethoprim is metabolized, primarily in the liver; the remainder is excreted unchanged in the urine. The principal metabolites of trimethoprim are the 1- and 3-oxides and the 3'- and 4'-hydroxy derivatives. The free form is considered to be the therapeutically active form. Approximately 44% of trimethoprim is bound to plasma proteins. Trimethoprim blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid by binding to and reversibly inhibiting the required enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase. This binding is very much stronger for the bacterial enzyme than for the corresponding mammalian enzyme
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1992)
Source:
ANDA073632
(1992)
Source URL:
First approved in 1973
Source:
ALUPENT by BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (MIXED)
Targets:
Conditions:
Metaproterenol, also known as Orciprenaline, is a brochodilator that is FDA approved for the treatment of bronchial asthma and for reversible bronchospasm which may occur in association with bronchitis and emphysema. Metaproterenol Sulfate is a potent beta-adrenergic stimulator with a rapid onset of action. It is postulated that beta-adrenergic stimulants produce many of their pharmacological effects by activation of adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of adrenosine triphosphate to cyclic adenosine monosphosphate. Metaproterenol is a moderately selective beta(2)-adrenergic agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2022)
Source:
ANDA214745
(2022)
Source URL:
First approved in 1963
Source:
NDA013263
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine first discovered at Hoffman-La Roche in the late 1950s. Diazepam was approved by FDA for the treatment of anxiety disorders as well as for such conditions as skeletal muscle spasm, alcohol withdrawal syndrom and convulsions (under the most known brand Valium). The drug acts by binding to GABA-A receptors and potentiating GABA evoked current. Chronic diazepam use is associated with tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2015)
Source:
ANDA090346
(2015)
Source URL:
First approved in 1960
Source:
DIDREX by PFIZER
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Benzphetamine is a sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine. It is used in the management of exogenous obesity as a short term (a few weeks) adjunct in a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction in patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher who have not responded to appropriate weight reducing regimen (diet and/or exercise) alone. Presumably, benzphetamine produces its effects through mechanisms similar to amphetamine via induces synaptic vesicular amine transporter, but precise mechanism of action of benzphetamine is not known.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1984)
Source:
NDA019125
(1984)
Source URL:
First approved in 1959
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Targets:
Conditions:
Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum biocide effective against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It is used primarily as its salts (e.g., the dihydrochloride, diacetate, and digluconate). Chlorhexidine inactivates microorganisms with a broader spectrum than other antimicrobials (e.g. antibiotics) and has a quicker kill rate than other antimicrobials (e.g. povidone-iodine). It has both bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial growth) and bactericidal (kills bacteria) mechanisms of action, depending on its concentration. Chlorhexidine kills by disrupting the cell membrane. The most common side effects associated with chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinses are: 1) an increase in staining of teeth and other oral surfaces; 2) an increase in calculus formation; and 3) an alteration in taste perception; 4) toothache; 5) upper respiratory tract infection; and 6) headache.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2013)
Source:
ANDA204054
(2013)
Source URL:
First approved in 1956
Source:
INVERSINE by TARGACEPT
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Mecamylamine (Inversine), the first orally available
antihypertensive agent, is now rarely used. Introduced as a therapeutic agent
for the treatment of hypertension in the 1950s,
mecamylamine was the first useful ganglionic blocking
agent that was not a quarternary ammonium
compound. Mecamylamine is indicated for the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Mecamylamine reduces blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. A small oral dosage often produces a smooth and predictable reduction of blood pressure. Although this antihypertensive effect is predominantly orthostatic, the supine blood pressure is also significantly reduced. Mecamylamine is a nicotinic parasympathetic ganglionic blocker. Mecamylamine administration produces several deleterious side-effects at therapeutically relevant doses. As such, mecamylamine’s use as an antihypertensive agent was phased out, except in severe hypertension. Mecamylamine easily traverses the blood-brain barrier to reach the central nervous system (CNS), where it acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, inhibiting all known nAChR subtypes. Since nAChRs play a major role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, it is not surprising that mecamylamine has been evaluated for its potential therapeutic effects in a wide variety of CNS disorders, including addiction.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1993)
Source:
NDA020006
(1993)
Source URL:
First approved in 1955
Source:
Levsin by Alaven Pharmaceutical LLC
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Sorbitol is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. Used as a non-stimulant laxative via an oral suspension or enema. Sorbitol exerts its laxative effect by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements. Sorbitol plays a vital step in the 'polyol pathway'. The sudden injection of extra sorbitol can ruin the equilibrium of enzymes that regulate the conversion of glucose to fructose in a process associated with the onset of diabetes and its complications. Further, the polyol pathway is involved with a complex network of metabolic activities; disruption leads to a cascade of problems (citations here, here and here) such as mitochondrial failure, cell apoptosis (cell death), and DNA fragmentation. In general, sorbitol induces cell hyperosmotic stress resulting in phosphorylation (uptake of phosphorus into cell) — an important on/off switch regulating enzymes and signaling networks.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2013)
Source:
ANDA202202
(2013)
Source URL:
First approved in 1954
Source:
COUMADIN by BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Conditions:
Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug normally used to prevent blood clot formation as well as migration. Warfarin is marketed under the brand name Coumadin among others. Coumadin (crystalline warfarin sodium) is an anticoagulant which acts by inhibiting vitamin
K-dependent coagulation factors. Chemically, it is 3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin and is a racemic mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. Coumadin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, and pulmonary embolism. It is also indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the thromboembolic
complications associated with atrial fibrillation and/or cardiac valve replacement. Warfarin is thought to interfere with clotting factor synthesis by inhibition of the C1 subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) enzyme complex, thereby reducing the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide. The degree of depression is dependent upon the dosage
administered and, in part, by the patient’s VKORC1 genotype. Therapeutic doses of warfarin decrease the total amount of the active form of each vitamin K dependent clotting factor made by the liver by approximately 30% to 50%.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2023)
Source:
ANDA204551
(2023)
Source URL:
First approved in 1953
Source:
NDA008708
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Phenoxybenzamin (marketed under the trade name Dibenzyline) is an alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It is indicated in the treatment of pheochromocytoma, to control episodes of hypertension and sweating. If tachycardia is excessive, it may be necessary to use a beta-blocking agent concomitantly. Phenoxybenzamine produces its therapeutic actions by blocking alpha receptors, leading to a muscle relaxation and a widening of the blood vessels. This widening of the blood vessels results in a lowering of blood pressure. Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride can produce and maintain “chemical sympathectomy” by oral administration. It increases blood flow to the skin, mucosa and abdominal viscera, and lowers both supine and erect blood pressures. It has no effect on the parasympathetic system. Twenty to percent of orally administered phenoxybenzamine appears to be absorbed in the active form. The half-life of orally administered phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride is not known; however, the half-life of intravenously administered drug is approximately 24 hours. Demonstrable effects with intravenous administration persist for at least 3 to 4 days, and the effects of daily administration are cumulative for nearly a week. The following adverse reactions have been observed, but there are insufficient data to support an estimate of their frequency: Postural hypotension, tachycardia, inhibition of ejaculation, nasal congestion, and miosis. These so-called “side effects” are actually evidence of adrenergic blockade and vary according to the degree of blockade. Miscellaneous: Gastrointestinal irritation, drowsiness, fatigue.
