Details
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Molecular Formula | C11H21N |
| Molecular Weight | 167.2911 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 3 / 3 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CN[C@@]1(C)[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](C2)C1(C)C
InChI
InChIKey=IMYZQPCYWPFTAG-NGZCFLSTSA-N
InChI=1S/C11H21N/c1-10(2)8-5-6-9(7-8)11(10,3)12-4/h8-9,12H,5-7H2,1-4H3/t8-,9+,11-/m0/s1
Mecamylamine (Inversine), the first orally available
antihypertensive agent, is now rarely used. Introduced as a therapeutic agent
for the treatment of hypertension in the 1950s,
mecamylamine was the first useful ganglionic blocking
agent that was not a quarternary ammonium
compound. Mecamylamine is indicated for the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Mecamylamine reduces blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. A small oral dosage often produces a smooth and predictable reduction of blood pressure. Although this antihypertensive effect is predominantly orthostatic, the supine blood pressure is also significantly reduced. Mecamylamine is a nicotinic parasympathetic ganglionic blocker. Mecamylamine administration produces several deleterious side-effects at therapeutically relevant doses. As such, mecamylamine’s use as an antihypertensive agent was phased out, except in severe hypertension. Mecamylamine easily traverses the blood-brain barrier to reach the central nervous system (CNS), where it acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, inhibiting all known nAChR subtypes. Since nAChRs play a major role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, it is not surprising that mecamylamine has been evaluated for its potential therapeutic effects in a wide variety of CNS disorders, including addiction.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.6 µM [Ki] | |||
Target ID: CHEMBL1907589 |
2.5 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | INVERSINE Approved UseFor the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Launch Date1956 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
7.89 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
23.68 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
115.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
352.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
149.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
467.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
150.6 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
472.6 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
10.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
10.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
Other AEs: Nausea, Somnolence... Other AEs: Nausea (10.3%) Sources: Somnolence (34.5%) Dizziness (17.2%) Fatigue (24.1%) Orthostatic hypotension (27.6%) Headache (10.3%) Application site pruritus (3.4%) Vision blurred (17.2%) Constipation (13.8%) Vomiting (3.4%) Dizziness postural (3.4%) Abdominal pain (10.3%) Abdominal distension (3.4%) |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
DLT: Abdominal pain, Constipation... Dose limiting toxicities: Abdominal pain (4.2%) Sources: Constipation (4.2%) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Headache | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Nausea | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Constipation | 13.8% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Dizziness | 17.2% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Vision blurred | 17.2% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Fatigue | 24.1% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Orthostatic hypotension | 27.6% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Abdominal distension | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Application site pruritus | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Dizziness postural | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Vomiting | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Somnolence | 34.5% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Abdominal pain | 4.2% DLT |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
| Constipation | 4.2% DLT |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of ganglion blocking agents on nicotine extensor convulsions and lethality in mice. | 1969 Sep |
|
| Effect of cholingeric drugs on methadone-induced catalepsy and stereotypies in rats treated chronically with methadone. | 1976 Oct |
|
| Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in adult and infant mice. | 1977 Dec |
|
| Neuropharmacology of the parasitic trematode, Schistosoma mansoni. | 1983 Jan |
|
| Mecamylamine blockade of nicotine responses: evidence for two brain nicotinic receptors. | 1986 Jun |
|
| The effect of cholinergic stimulation in the nucleus accumbens on locomotor behavior. | 1988 Feb 16 |
|
| Nicotine-induced tail-tremor and drug effects. | 1989 Dec |
|
| Evidence for an involvement of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in mediating nicotine-induced hyperactivity in rats. | 1991 |
|
| Nicotine-sensitive paresis. | 1992 Feb |
|
| Characteristics of tail-tremor induced by nicotine in rats. | 1994 Aug |
|
| 5HT3 receptor antagonists do not block nicotine induced hyperactivity in rats. | 1995 May |
|
| The role of brain acetylcholine in phenol-induced tremor in mice. | 1995 May |
|
| Tacrine interacts with an allosteric activator site on alpha 4 beta 2 nAChRs in M10 cells. | 1996 Sep 2 |
|
| [3H]benzylpempidine, a new radioligand for probing a putative channel site on nicotinic cholinergic receptors. | 1997 |
|
| [Assessment of anti-tremorogenic drugs--nicotine-induced tail-tremor model]. | 1997 Jun |
|
| Role of central nicotinic and beta-adrenergic receptors in the onset and further development of tail-tremor induced by repeated nicotine administration to rats. | 1997 May |
|
| Rat alpha3/beta4 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stably expressed in a transfected cell line: pharmacology of ligand binding and function. | 1998 Aug |
|
| Nicotine prevents experimental parkinsonism in rodents and induces striatal increase of neurotrophic factors. | 1998 Dec |
|
| Anti-nicotinic properties of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs. | 1998 Nov |
|
| Nicotine attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by regulating metal homeostasis. | 2006 Jun |
|
| The nicotinic receptor antagonists abolish pathobiologic effects of tobacco-derived nitrosamines on BEP2D cells. | 2006 Oct |
|
| Nicotinic modulation of gene expression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. | 2006 Oct 20 |
|
| The involvement of the central cholinergic system in the pressor and bradycardic effects of centrally administrated melittin in normotensive conscious rats. | 2007 Apr |
|
| Nicotine-induced dystonic arousal complex in a mouse line harboring a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation. | 2007 Sep 19 |
|
| Differential role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in physical and affective nicotine withdrawal signs. | 2008 Apr |
|
| Glutamatergic contributions to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist-evoked cholinergic transients in the prefrontal cortex. | 2008 Apr 2 |
|
| Involvement of dorsal hippocampal nicotinic receptors in the effect of morphine on memory retrieval in passive avoidance task. | 2008 Apr 28 |
|
| Nicotinic signaling ameliorates acute bladder inflammation induced by protamine sulfate or cyclophosphamide. | 2008 Jun |
|
| Mecamylamine prevents neuronal apoptosis induced by glutamate and low potassium via differential anticholinergic-independent mechanisms. | 2008 Mar |
|
| Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: acceleration of sequential expression of alpha5 and alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunits in oral keratinocytes exposed to cigarette smoke. | 2008 May |
|
| Protective effects of mecamylamine and atropine against α(4)β(2) nicotinic receptor expression and functional toxicity in paraoxon-treated rats. | 2008 Sep |
|
| Enhanced nicotine sensitivity in nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor knockout mice. | 2009 Apr |
|
| Distinct effects of nociceptin analogs on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. | 2009 Jan 14 |
|
| Effects of mecamylamine on nicotine-induced conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization in differentially reared rats. | 2009 Jul |
|
| Nicotine anxiogenic and rewarding effects are decreased in mice lacking beta-endorphin. | 2009 Jun |
|
| Corticotropin-releasing factor within the central nucleus of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens shell mediates the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal in rats. | 2009 Jun |
|
| Cardiovascular effect of peripheral injected melittin in normotensive conscious rats: Mediation of the central cholinergic system. | 2009 Nov-Dec |
|
| The limbic circuitry underlying cocaine seeking encompasses the PPTg/LDT. | 2009 Oct |
|
| Repetitive nicotine exposure leads to a more malignant and metastasis-prone phenotype of SCLC: a molecular insight into the importance of quitting smoking during treatment. | 2010 Aug |
|
| Nicotinic receptor-mediated reduction in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias may occur via desensitization. | 2010 Jun |
|
| Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as pharmacotherapeutic targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. | 2010 Mar |
|
| Activation and inhibition of mouse muscle and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. | 2010 May |
|
| ACSL6 is associated with the number of cigarettes smoked and its expression is altered by chronic nicotine exposure. | 2011 |
|
| Association of the histidine-triad nucleotide-binding protein-1 (HINT1) gene variants with nicotine dependence. | 2011 Aug |
|
| Ryanodine receptor-2 upregulation and nicotine-mediated plasticity. | 2011 Jan 5 |
|
| Discovery of isoxazole analogues of sazetidine-A as selective α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists for the treatment of depression. | 2011 Oct 27 |
|
| Neurotoxicity induced by okadaic acid in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y line can be differentially prevented by α7 and β2* nicotinic stimulation. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Gestational exposure of mice to secondhand cigarette smoke causes bronchopulmonary dysplasia blocked by the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. | 2013 Aug |
|
| The effects of nicotine and tobacco particulate matter on dopamine uptake in the rat brain. | 2014 Feb |
|
| Prenatal nicotinic exposure upregulates pulmonary C-fiber NK1R expression to prolong pulmonary C-fiber-mediated apneic response. | 2016 Jan 1 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension
2.5 mg orally twice a day; may increase by one 2.5 mg tablet at intervals of 2 days or more until desired blood pressure response is achieved.
Comments:
-The average total daily dose is 25 mg, usually in 3 divided doses; however, 2.5 mg daily may be sufficient. Partial tolerance may develop in certain patients, which requires an increase in the total daily dose.
-Four or more doses may be required when smooth control is difficult to obtain.
-Titration should be determined by blood pressure readings in the erect position at the time of maximal effect of this drug, as well as by signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. In severe or urgent cases, titration at larger increments and shorter intervals may be needed.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Racemic mecamylamine and its stereoisomers
were tested for their ability to inhibit the ACh-evoked
responses of a4b2, a3b4, a3b2, and a7 type receptors expressed
in Xenopus oocytes.
10 uM of either mecamylamine stereoisomer produced significant inhibition
of the nAChR subtypes.
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WHO-ATC |
C02BB01
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C66886
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NDF-RT |
N0000175641
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
117598
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
600090
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LIVERTOX |
585
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NDF-RT |
N0000175644
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WHO-VATC |
QC02BB01
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6147-18-8
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60-40-2
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SUB08670MIG
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3990
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MECAMYLAMINE
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200-476-1
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CHEMBL267936
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)
