Details
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Molecular Formula | C11H21N |
| Molecular Weight | 167.2911 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 3 / 3 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CN[C@@]1(C)[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](C2)C1(C)C
InChI
InChIKey=IMYZQPCYWPFTAG-NGZCFLSTSA-N
InChI=1S/C11H21N/c1-10(2)8-5-6-9(7-8)11(10,3)12-4/h8-9,12H,5-7H2,1-4H3/t8-,9+,11-/m0/s1
Mecamylamine (Inversine), the first orally available
antihypertensive agent, is now rarely used. Introduced as a therapeutic agent
for the treatment of hypertension in the 1950s,
mecamylamine was the first useful ganglionic blocking
agent that was not a quarternary ammonium
compound. Mecamylamine is indicated for the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Mecamylamine reduces blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. A small oral dosage often produces a smooth and predictable reduction of blood pressure. Although this antihypertensive effect is predominantly orthostatic, the supine blood pressure is also significantly reduced. Mecamylamine is a nicotinic parasympathetic ganglionic blocker. Mecamylamine administration produces several deleterious side-effects at therapeutically relevant doses. As such, mecamylamine’s use as an antihypertensive agent was phased out, except in severe hypertension. Mecamylamine easily traverses the blood-brain barrier to reach the central nervous system (CNS), where it acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, inhibiting all known nAChR subtypes. Since nAChRs play a major role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, it is not surprising that mecamylamine has been evaluated for its potential therapeutic effects in a wide variety of CNS disorders, including addiction.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.6 µM [Ki] | |||
Target ID: CHEMBL1907589 |
2.5 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | INVERSINE Approved UseFor the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Launch Date1956 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
7.89 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
23.68 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
115.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
352.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
149.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
467.3 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
150.6 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
472.6 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
10.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
2.5 mg single, oral dose: 2.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
10.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354389 |
7.5 mg single, oral dose: 7.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MECAMYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
Other AEs: Nausea, Somnolence... Other AEs: Nausea (10.3%) Sources: Somnolence (34.5%) Dizziness (17.2%) Fatigue (24.1%) Orthostatic hypotension (27.6%) Headache (10.3%) Application site pruritus (3.4%) Vision blurred (17.2%) Constipation (13.8%) Vomiting (3.4%) Dizziness postural (3.4%) Abdominal pain (10.3%) Abdominal distension (3.4%) |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
DLT: Abdominal pain, Constipation... Dose limiting toxicities: Abdominal pain (4.2%) Sources: Constipation (4.2%) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Headache | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Nausea | 10.3% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Constipation | 13.8% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Dizziness | 17.2% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Vision blurred | 17.2% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Fatigue | 24.1% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Orthostatic hypotension | 27.6% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Abdominal distension | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Application site pruritus | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Dizziness postural | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Vomiting | 3.4% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Somnolence | 34.5% | 30 mg 1 times / day single, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: single Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
healthy, 18 -45 years n = 29 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 -45 years Sex: M Population Size: 29 Sources: |
| Abdominal pain | 4.2% DLT |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
| Constipation | 4.2% DLT |
5 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
healthy, mean age 34.1 years n = 24 Health Status: healthy Age Group: mean age 34.1 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 24 Sources: |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of ganglion blocking agents on nicotine extensor convulsions and lethality in mice. | 1969 Sep |
|
| Effect of cholingeric drugs on methadone-induced catalepsy and stereotypies in rats treated chronically with methadone. | 1976 Oct |
|
| Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in adult and infant mice. | 1977 Dec |
|
| Neuropharmacology of the parasitic trematode, Schistosoma mansoni. | 1983 Jan |
|
| The effect of cholinergic stimulation in the nucleus accumbens on locomotor behavior. | 1988 Feb 16 |
|
| Characteristics of tail-tremor induced by nicotine in rats. | 1994 Aug |
|
| 5HT3 receptor antagonists do not block nicotine induced hyperactivity in rats. | 1995 May |
|
| [Assessment of anti-tremorogenic drugs--nicotine-induced tail-tremor model]. | 1997 Jun |
|
| Nicotine potentiates sulpiride-induced catalepsy in mice. | 1998 |
|
| Rat alpha3/beta4 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stably expressed in a transfected cell line: pharmacology of ligand binding and function. | 1998 Aug |
|
| Nicotine prevents experimental parkinsonism in rodents and induces striatal increase of neurotrophic factors. | 1998 Dec |
|
| Anti-nicotinic properties of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs. | 1998 Nov |
|
| Nicotine induced seizures blocked by mecamylamine and its stereoisomers. | 2001 Oct 19 |
|
| Castration in rats impairs performance during acquisition of a working memory task and exacerbates deficits in working memory produced by scopolamine and mecamylamine. | 2003 Nov |
|
| Nicotine attenuates beta-amyloid peptide-induced neurotoxicity, free radical and calcium accumulation in hippocampal neuronal cultures. | 2004 Feb |
|
| Tolerance to pentylentetrazol-induced convulsions and protection of cerebrovascular integrity by chronic nicotine. | 2004 Jun |
|
| Nicotine attenuates oxidative stress, activation of redox-regulated transcription factors and induction of proinflammatory genes in compressive spinal cord trauma. | 2004 May 19 |
|
| Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome and attenuates nicotine-induced antinociception in mice. | 2005 Nov-Dec |
|
| Nicotinic receptors mediate tumorigenic action of tobacco-derived nitrosamines on immortalized oral epithelial cells. | 2006 May |
|
| Involvement of dorsal hippocampal nicotinic receptors in the effect of morphine on memory retrieval in passive avoidance task. | 2008 Apr 28 |
|
| Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: acceleration of sequential expression of alpha5 and alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunits in oral keratinocytes exposed to cigarette smoke. | 2008 May |
|
| Protective effects of mecamylamine and atropine against α(4)β(2) nicotinic receptor expression and functional toxicity in paraoxon-treated rats. | 2008 Sep |
|
| Effects of mecamylamine on nicotine-induced conditioned hyperactivity and sensitization in differentially reared rats. | 2009 Jul |
|
| Corticotropin-releasing factor within the central nucleus of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens shell mediates the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal in rats. | 2009 Jun |
|
| Cardiovascular effect of peripheral injected melittin in normotensive conscious rats: Mediation of the central cholinergic system. | 2009 Nov-Dec |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension
2.5 mg orally twice a day; may increase by one 2.5 mg tablet at intervals of 2 days or more until desired blood pressure response is achieved.
Comments:
-The average total daily dose is 25 mg, usually in 3 divided doses; however, 2.5 mg daily may be sufficient. Partial tolerance may develop in certain patients, which requires an increase in the total daily dose.
-Four or more doses may be required when smooth control is difficult to obtain.
-Titration should be determined by blood pressure readings in the erect position at the time of maximal effect of this drug, as well as by signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. In severe or urgent cases, titration at larger increments and shorter intervals may be needed.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Racemic mecamylamine and its stereoisomers
were tested for their ability to inhibit the ACh-evoked
responses of a4b2, a3b4, a3b2, and a7 type receptors expressed
in Xenopus oocytes.
10 uM of either mecamylamine stereoisomer produced significant inhibition
of the nAChR subtypes.
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| Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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WHO-ATC |
C02BB01
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C66886
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NDF-RT |
N0000175641
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
117598
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
600090
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LIVERTOX |
585
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NDF-RT |
N0000175644
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WHO-VATC |
QC02BB01
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542
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6147-18-8
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60-40-2
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DTXSID0023240
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DB00657
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6EE945D3OK
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6673
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SUB08670MIG
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3990
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MECAMYLAMINE
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1646
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C66063
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100000081754
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D008464
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m7113
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200-476-1
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CHEMBL267936
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)
