Dimecrotic acid is a choleretic agent with spasmolytic properties. It is obtained by reaction of resorcinol with acetoacetate to give 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin. It is indicated for the treatment of hepato-digestive insufficiency and its manifestations. It shouldn’t be used in case of blockage of bile ducts, severe liver failure and severe renal impairment. Diarrhea may be associated with high doses of dimecrotic acid.

Calcium dobesilate (brand name Doxium) is a veno-tonic drug, which is widely prescribed in more than 60 countries from Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East for three main indications: chronic venous disease, diabetic retinopathy and the symptoms of haemorrhoidal attack. This drugs also in the phase III of clinical trial is an effective adjuvant therapy, with an absence of significant side-effects, in patients with venous ulcers and stasis dermatitis. It was suggested, that the inhibitory effect of calcium dobesilate on platelet function is mediated through the cyclic AMP pathway, and probably through activation of adenyl cyclase.

Unithiol was developed in the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. It only became more widely used in America and Western Europe since the mid-1970s, and particularly since the late 1970s when the Heyl Company in Germany began production. It remained the mainstay of chelation treatment of arsenic and mercury intoxication for more than half a century. Unithiol has been used in the management of acute and chronic poisoning with a number of different metals and metalloids, and is particularly useful for arsenic, bismuth and mercury. Unithiol can be given parenterally or orally depending on the clinical situation and severity of poisoning. Its action mechanism is close that of complexones. Active sulfhydryl groups enter into reactions with thiol poisons present in blood and tissues, form not toxic complex with them eliminated with urine. The poisons fixation results in the body enzyme systems changed under the poisons effect functions restoration. It is efficient as an antidote in case of intoxications by arsenic and heavy metals salts.

Methylarsonic acid, monosodium salt is an organoarsenic compound formed from the methylation of inorganic arsenic by living organisms. Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In the arsenate detoxification I pathway, arsenite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce methylarsonate and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Arsenite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonate then reacts with 2 glutathione molecules to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. This reaction is catalyzed by methylarsonate reductase. Methylarsonate is an organic arsenic compound with adverse effects similar to those of arsenic trioxide. Methylarsonate was formerly included in some vitamin and mineral preparations. It was once used to treat tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.

Spaglumic acid (NAAG) is the β-aspartyl isoform of N-Acetyl-l-aspartylglutamate (isospaglumic Acid is N-(N-Acetyl-l-α-aspartyl)-l-glutamic acid). In eye drops, spaglumic acid is either a magnesium or sodium salt of N-Acetyl-l-aspartylglutamate. Spaglumic acid is a mast cell stabilizer. Thus it is used in allergic conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis. Specifically spaglumic acid is approved in Portugal under the brand name Naabak and in Greece under the brand name Naaxia for use in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Spaglumic Acid is a peptide neurotransmitter and the third-most-prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. It is a weak activator of NMDA receptors and a highly selective agonist for mGlu3 receptors. Spaglumic Acid is neuroprotective under non-hydrolysing conditions in vivo.

Kainic acid (kainate) is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a direct agonist of the glutamic kainate receptors and large doses of concentrated solutions produce immediate neuronal death by overstimulating neurons to death. Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, in large, concentrated doses kainic acid can be considered a neurotoxin, and in small doses of dilute solution kainic acid will chemically stimulate neurons. Kainic acid is utilised in primary neuronal cell cultures and acute brain slice preparations [5] to study of the physiological effect of excitotoxicity and assess the neuroprotective capabilities of potential therapeutics. Kainic acid is a potent central nervous system excitant that is used in epilepsy research to induce seizures in experimental animals, at a typical dose of 10–30 mg/kg in mice. In addition to inducing seizures, kainic acid is excitotoxic and epileptogenic. Kainic acid induces seizures via activation of kainate receptors containing the GluK2 subunit and also through activation of AMPA receptors, for which it serves as a partial agonist.

Tipepidine (INN) also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts. The safety of tipepidine in children and adults has already been established. It is reported that tipepidine inhibits G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-channel currents. The inhibition of GIRK channels by tipepidine is expected to modulate the level of monoamines in the brain. Tipepidine can improve attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission through the inhibition of GIRK channels. Tipepidine also is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As it acts on the central nervous system, overdose can cause altered mental status and other neurological symptoms; however, there have been few reports of tipepidine intoxication, including six cases in children and no cases in adults.

Meladrazine is a drug used in urology as an antispasmodic. Meladrazine acts on the central nervous system as a polysynaptic inhibitor. Its usefulness in treating spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis is well known. As many of these patients have bladder problems, a coincidental beneficial effect on uninhibited bladders has been discovered. Meladrazine caused a high incidence of side effects; therefore, treatment with terodiline separately is recommended for geriatric patients who have severe motor urge incontinence.

Dimetacrine is a tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in the treatment of depressive states. Dimetacrine usage associates with risk of cardiovascular side effects.