Ipriflavone (chemical structure: 7-isopropoxyisoflavone), derived from the soy isoflavone, daidzein, holds great promise for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Ipriflavone (IP) was discovered in the 1930s but has only recently begun to be embraced by the medical community in this country. Over 150 studies on safety and effectiveness, both animal and human, have been conducted in Italy, Hungary, and Japan. As of 1997, 2,769 patients had been treated a total of 3,132 patient years. Preliminary studies have pointed to its effectiveness in the treatment of other conditions involving bone pathology, including Paget’s disease, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and tinnitus due to otosclerosis. Ipriflavone appears to have several mechanisms of action, all of which enhance bone density, making them seemingly superior to many of the other treatments available for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. IP also inhibits osteoclastic activity (motility and resorptive activity) by modulating intracellular free calcium. IP’s bone-forming mechanisms include stimulation of cell proliferation and maturation of osteoblasts by inhibiting calcium influx into osteoblasts and phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Despite similarities to estrogen, IP possesses no intrinsic estrogenic activity, but does potentiate estrogen. Importantly, IP does not change bone mineral composition or crystalline structure. A clinical trial reported in 2001 that it was not effective in prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.

Xantofyl palmitate (brand name Adaptinol) is an approved drug for retinitis pigmentosa in Japan since August 1956. Adaptinol promotes aerobic metabolism of the retina to expand visual field or delay the development of narrowing of visual field. It also acts on the retina to improve vision in the dark. It is usually used to transiently improve visual field and dark adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative, one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by it’s methylated form -- thymine. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein;[4] it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light. Uracil readily undergoes regular reactions including oxidation, nitration, and alkylation. While in the presence of phenol (PhOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), uracil can be visualized in ultraviolet light. Uracil also has the capability to react with elemental halogens because of the presence of more than one strongly electron donating group. Uracil readily undergoes addition to ribose sugars and phosphates to partake in synthesis and further reactions in the body. Uracil becomes uridine, uridine monophosphate (UMP), uridine diphosphate (UDP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose). Each one of these molecules is synthesized in the body and has specific functions. Uracil's use in the body is to help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with riboses and phosphates. Uracil serves as allosteric regulator and coenzyme for reactions in the human body and in plants. Uracil can be used for drug delivery and as a pharmaceutical. When elemental fluorine is reacted with uracil, 5-fluorouracil is produced. 5-Fluorouracil is an anticancer drug (antimetabolite) used to masquerade as uracil during the nucleic acid replication process. In combination with Tegafur, uracil used as a chemotherapy drug (called UFT or UFUR) used in the treatment of cancer, primarily bowel cancer. UFT is an anticancer medication composed of a fixed molar ratio (1:4) of tegafur and uracil to be administered with calcium folinate.

Oxitriptan is an aromatic amino acid with antidepressant activity. In vivo, oxitriptan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) as well as other neurotransmitters. Oxitriptan may exert its antidepressant activity via conversion to serotonin or directly by binding to serotonin receptors within the central nervous system. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant. Oxitriptan is a worthwhile addition to the limited treatments available for obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder, two psychiatric disorders which have previously been difficult to manage pharmacologically. Possible gastrointestinal side effects are: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or flatulence, which tend to disappear with continued treatment or, in any case, dose reduction. Other undesirable effects such as anorexia, xerostomia, tachycardia, extrasystoles, dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, tremor or myalgia may occur.

Piritramide is a synthetic opioid that has been used formore than 30 years in parts of Europe as the analgesic of choice for the management of postoperative pain. Piritramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1960 and is currently manufactured and distributed within continental Europe and some other places by Janssen-Cilag. Piritramide is not available in all countries. It is marketed under the brand name Dipidolor in Germany, Lithuania, Slovenia, Austria. Piritramide is most commonly prescribed i.m. or i.v. for postoperative analgesia. It is used successfully for patient-controlled analgesia in adults 14 and more recently in chil-dren. Piritramide has potency 0.65 to 0.75 times that of morphine. Upon administration, piritramide binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids and producing analgesic relief. The most common side effect of piritramide appears tobe a dose-related incidence of sedation. It is reported in many studies, but rarely accurately quantified. Diaphoresis, urinary retention, flushing, focal myopathy and thrombophlebitis have all been reported. Piritramide is a strong opioid and therefore is regulated much the same as morphine in all known jurisdictions. It was never introduced in the United States and is therefore a Schedule I/Narcotic controlled substance. It is listed under international treaties and other laws such as the German Betabungsmittelgesetz, the Austrian Suchtgiftmittelgesetz, the Opium Laws of various other European countries, Canadian controlled substances act, UK Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971, and equivalents elsewhere.

A soft metal that ignites in the air and reacts violently with water. Rubidium is little used outside research. It has been used as a component of photocells, to remove traces of oxygen from vacuum tubes and to make special types of glass. It is easily ionised so was considered for use in ion engines, but was found to be less effective than caesium. It has also been proposed for use as a working fluid for vapour turbines and in thermoelectric generators. Rubidium has no known biological role and is non-toxic. It is slightly radioactive and so has been used to locate brain tumours, as it collects in tumours but not in normal tissue. Rubidium is a component of marketed topical cream QBx (formerly Known As PHI-5, K041059). PHI-5 is a formulation containing zinc and rubidium ions, which is developed for treatment of chronic wounds. Commercially, PHI-5 is available as an impregnated wound dressing material (Dermax).

Tannic acid (TA) is a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol found in several herbaceous and woody plants, wines and a broad selection of teas. TA has strong antioxidant/free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral/bacterial, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The neuroprotective effects of TA against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models of AD. Evidence suggests that TA is a natural inhibitor of β-secretase (BACE1) activity and protein expression. BACE1 is the primary enzyme responsible for the production and deposition of Aβ peptide. TA can also inhibit the in vitro aggregation of tau peptide, a core component of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In addition, combination of tannic acid with eucalyptus Oil and Allantoin (from Comfrey) is known as homeopathic product which is used to temporarily relieve the aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with: arthritis, simple backache, strains, bruises, sprains.